Essay About Stereotyping Essay Example for Free

Essay About Stereotyping EssayChimamanda Adichie uses the phrase The Danger of a Single Story. She states it robs bulk of dignity. It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult. It emphasizes how we are varied rather than how we are similar. Adichie was referring to stereotyping or is what she calls The Danger of a Single Story. A single degree is an oversimplified, usually pejorative, attitude people hold toward those external ones own experience who are distinct. Adichie says The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story. When she stated that it brought me back to my childhood because I remember as a young African American girl growing up with a bunch of Caucasians. I used to get judged because I was black and umteen kids thought that I came from Africa and that I wasnt smart or that I didnt defy the ability to read or write because I was African American. They were basically calling me dumb and were grouping all African Americans in that category and I just thought oh they were just joking around, but I came to realize that they werent joking.They were kids who were saying things that they have over heard around in their household or have been taught growing up. Stereotyping is still an issue in society today and I feel as though everyone stereotypes. at that place are many different viewpoints from every individual in the world from their race, background, gender, as well as their age groups. According to Joi Downing, stereotyping is formed many different ways and for many different reasons. Joi states that stereotyping is formed to describe a person or to make judgments approximately a person. She believes they are formed by fond media and what people where taught when growing up. Downing says she doesnt believe that they were formed in todays time but that they have evolved from the past. She believes the only reason people stereotype is because that is how they were raised and/or they are just doing what they saw when they were growing up. She states Ive seen this happen in front of my eyes and I knowmany people like this.Downing has reasons and is certain that most people just stereotype because they see other people doing it so they do the same and past there are others who are just doing what they were taught. Although Anthony has the same views as Joi, they differ in many ways. Anthony argues that most people do not intentionally pissed to pass judgment on people, however others do. He states Personally, I think it is part of human nature to place things into categories. But, over time, we as people have learned how to classify people and things into certain groups depending on color, race, size, or economic stability. He says that most people simply and innocently assume that due to similarities between individuals or things, they can be automatically categorized. Anthony s tates that Sometimes we end up placing them into a category that has nothing to do with them, but because they seem to look or act similar to something, we automatically assume they are the same.Anthony believes that everyone automatically stereotypes no matter what, but dont repute to. Joi and Anthony have just about the same views on single stories, but their views are a little different in some aspects. Anthony argues that people do not intentionally mean to pass judgments on people, but Joi thinks a little differently. She believes that most people just stereotype because they see other people doing it, so they are intentionally meaning to judge or stereotype others. As Anthony being an older Caucasian male, he has different ways of looking at stereotyping than Joi being a young African American female. There are different viewpoints abut stereotyping from many races, age groups as well as gender.

Revolution in France from 1789 to 1792 Essay Example for Free

Revolution in France from 1789 to 1792 EssayIn 1789, France was under a revolution. It was ruled by absolute monarchy for centuries. Unfairness between solid grounds started to frustrate the people at the bottom of France. The cut g all overnment was 4000 million livers in debt (Christopher Hibbert 1980 p.14). Besides the partial blames that Louis XVI deserved, the situation was quite out of his promise. There were many other reasons that lead to this revolution and every single problem was connected with each other. The well-nigh important short term factors were the bankrupting of government and the Famine. As for the most important long term factors were the heavy taxes and the enlightenments. Though Louis XVI was partially trusty for the French Revolution, it wasnt his entire fault, he just happened to be the scapegoat of some wrong deeds done by others.Louis XVI was famous for being weak and indecisive (Peter Mantin 1992 p. 5) and that was the main problem of his runn ing of the country. He was popular and beloved at first by all people of France because of his cordial-hearted and compassionate personality, but hated afterward as his weakness and conservatism in politics and economics slowly appeared (Christopher Hibbert 1980 p. 3). He was too weak that horizontal the 1st and 2nd Estates tried to control over him and he wasnt able to do strong decisive actions (Christopher Hibbert 1980 p. 3).He even preferred personal hobbies to politics interests (Peter Mantin 1992 p. 4). The Aristocrats and the Church refused to help him out with money respectively in 1787 and 1788 when the country was in a financial crisis (Mr A J Field 2007 Schoolhistory.co.uk). At last, Louis XVI lost all control over his troop and the people of France and was in a passive position afterwards. All these nonalignment between estates and failures were indeed because of him, however, it wasnt his entire fault. After all, the 1st and 2nd Estate was the people who refused to h elp and there were other more important issues that contributed to the French Revolution.Firstly, the reason why the government was bankrupt in 1788 that caused even heavier taxes on tertiary Estate was because of the humongous lavish expenditures of Marie Antoinette and the league war with the British of Louis XV (Tiffany 2007 Franceattraction.com). Marie Antoinette spent a fortune on her favourite residence, The Petit Trianon on her stable of 3 hundred horses on her sessions at the gaming tables and also on her clothes, whichcost 100, 000 livers a year. Besides, she loved expensive jewelries her earrings from Charles Boehmer, the crown jeweler, cost 400, 000 livres and her diamond braclets cost 100, 000 livres (Tiffany 2007 Franceattraction.com). How round those parties that she had all day? One would have cost 200, 000 livres, no wonder the government bankrupted and was 4000 millions livres in debt. At that time, 50, 000 livres per year was already a lavish income and large t itled heads lived for a whole year off 50, 000 livres utmost (Tiffany 2007 Franceattraction.com). Moreover, his father and grandfather spend loads of money on participating in the wars of Americans and British (helping Americans) and lost the war against another country (Ross Steele 2002 p. 102).Secondly, every kind of heavy tax fell on the poor peasants while the aristocrats and the church got every kind of privileges that they didnt have (Waugh S. 2002 p. 84). It was this frustrating unfairness oppressing the people at the bottom of France for centuries that propelled them. The government didnt fix the economic issues by earning more external tariffs and being less lavish, instead, they ladened the Third Estate to pay more taxes. There were all kinds of unnecessary and ridiculous taxes.Overall, the Third Estate was forced to pay tithe (a tenth of their income or produce to church), pay a taille (a tenth to state), pay a vingtieme (a fifth of property), pay a gabelle (tax on salt) , pay a seigneurial tax (feudal dues), corvee (work tax), aide (tax on wine) and pay a capitation (tax on the number of family members)etc. (Greg Hetherton 1992 p. 18) Besides, the government even permitted the private tax collectors to raise tax whatever they wanted, thus, create the poor peasants to afford those taxes that were even larger than their own wages and far more than the government requested (Peter Mantin 1992 p. 45).Thirdly, because of heavy rains and bad weathers, there were a series of poor harvest causing famine in France 1780s (Invicta M. 2001 Theotherside.co.uk). Many people lived off the bread line and when there were any matters concerning crops, harvest and food distribution, everything could be tipped into huge smuggled mess since people just wanted to survive. However, the poor harvest led to soaring of food prices (especially bread) and hardly aworkers daily bread would have taken about 97% of his income. The famine infuriated the hungry and desperate 3r d Estate and provoked food riots (Invicta M. 2001 Theotherside.co.uk). At this point, the place was in a sum total chaos.Last but not least, enlightenment played an important role in French Revolution. Without it, the French Revolution would be without a spirit to go on. This encouraged the people being oppressed by the 1st and the 2nd Estate to test the thing and to think themselves, instead of relying on false noesis people gave. The five main ideas the philosophers came up with were religious freedom, freedom from absolute rulers, brotherhood of all people, welfare for everyone and personal happiness as far as possible. These long term and short term factors, flamed by enlightenment, started up the French Revolution.I concluded that the French Revolution wasnt Louis XVI entire fault. He was only being at the wrong time in the wrong place. He was of course being weak and indecisive however, there were more important factors accountable to the revolution. The financial crisis of the government, heavy taxation on the 3rd Estate, poor harvest and enlightenment contributed to the French Revolution the most. Therefore, to a moderate extent is Louis XVI responsible for the French Revolution.Bibliography-Greg Hetherton (1992). Revolutionary France Liberty, tyranny and terror. Camridge Cambridge University Press.-Peter Mantin (1992). The French Revolution. Heinemann Oxford.-Christopher Hibbert (1980). The Days of the French Revolution. USA Penguin Group.-Ross Steele (2002). When in France, do as the French do. Canada McGraw-Hill Professional.-Waugh S. (2002). Heinemann History Scheme, The early modern work, hold in 2.Heinemann Oxford.-Mr A J Field (2007). French Revolution-Year 8-Schoolhistory.co.uk. Retrieved 3 Oct 2007 from http//www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year8links/frenchrevolution.shtml.-Tiffany (2007). Marie Antoinette Versailles. Retrieved 4 Oct 2007 from http//www.franceattraction.com/marie-antoinette.html.-Invicta M. (2001). French Revolution. Retrieved 4 Oct 2007 from http//www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/revolution.htm.

Explanatory essay of gambling addiction Essay Example for Free

Explanatory essay of gambling addiction EssayIts a rush, putting money to the felt and threatening the cards to obey. playing period is quickly becoming one of the favorite activities for many Americans. Where else could you have this kind of excitement with the potential to make money instead of lose it? Only amidst the twinkling and heat of the casino lights can a person really let their money turn their brain into an emotional feeding frenzy. This rush, like any separate high, has psychological and chemical impacts to a person. You could link gambling to any other drug that equates to the violent excitement.This is exactly what the brain does, represents an action with a feeling, and for many raft these feelings become an addiction. Compulsive gambling is a serious affliction that affects many people. While it may seem perverse to consider this a serious disease, receive that the consequences of compulsive gambling can dwarf that of any other addiction. For these people, once they start they just cannot take, and like any addiction they build up a tolerance and experience symptoms of withdrawal when trying to abstain from gambling.For most people we can abide by certain guidelines, quell the whispers of our brain telling us to go for it and bet it all on this hand. What causes compulsive gamblers to lose control? there is no one reason to satisfy this question. However, with study patterns emerge, and we can realise the psychological and chemical reasons for this handicap. So why the rush when instead of bet five dollars this hand you bet twenty? It has to do with drugs specifically those produced naturally by your brain, which affect image, emotions, etc.A recent study found that Hemodynamic responses in the sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEA) and orbital gyrus tracked the expected think ofs of the prospects, and responses to the highest value set of outcomes increased monotonically with monetary value in the nucleus accumbens, SLEA, and hypothalamus. (Breiter et al. ) In this study, people were given $50 dollars and allowed to gamble with it while their responses were tracked. What the results basically said is that as the peoples expectancy of monetary gains went up, so did the chemical reactions in their bloods.This chemical imbalance when gambling is possibly the reason why many people are futile to quit gambling. It is true that the symptoms of many compulsive gamblers are equivalent to a drug-induced high. (Addictive Gambling). Like addicts of any drug, compulsive gamblers show signs of withdrawal and tolerance. After youve been betting the homogeneous amount of money for some time on a simple wager without making much money, you will start to look for ways to increase the betting pleasure. A simple strategy to do this is simply to bet moreWhen more is on the line there is more risk involved and more excitement. Another way these people can increase the risk involved is by lowering the stakes. Theres not hing more exciting than hitting a dogged shot. Compulsive gamblers would rather do bigger odds by trying to win a 10% shot than win a small amount with a 90% chance of winning. So as we have seen, the chemical attributes accompanying gambling can create an addiction, but the more interesting and relevant I think are the psychological impacts of gambling.By psychological impacts I mean how gambling affects the mind and actions of the compulsive gambler. This handicap is really defined as a unhinge of impulse control. (Something 1). When most people go to gamble they bring with them rationality, and with rationality comes this innate ability to know when youve hit a limit. The disorder is the compulsive gamblers inability to set a limit and stick to it. So you have to ask yourself where is the line drawn? When does fun gambling become a maladaptive behavior? The Washington State Council on Problem Gambling sees it as thisA. Persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior a s indicated by five (or more) of the following (1) Is preoccupied with gambling (e. g. , preoccupied with reliving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, or thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble) (2) Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement (3) Has repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling (4) Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling.(5) Gambles as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dysphoric mood (e. g. , feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression) (6) After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even (chasing ones losses) (7) Lies to family members, therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling (8) Has committed illegal acts such as forgery, fraud, theft, or embezzlement to finance gambling (9) Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling(10) Relies on others to provide money to relieve a desperate financial situation caused by gambling. This list seems to be a slippery slope of symptoms. You might shed light on that this gambling can cause devastating effects to the life of a person. Committing crimes and trying to chase loses will cast a person into trenches of insurmountable debt and grief. There are so many people who do go to casinos and dont fall into debt. It makes you wonder what is different about these people that made them weak?Perhaps the help is that Addiction is a way to escape from verity, from something that is either alike full of sadness (such as living in a violent family) or too devoid of joy (an emotionally hollow life). Emotional trauma in early life may be at the source of many addictions. (Addictive Gambling). The reality of the world is overbearing sometimes, and thinking about spending millions of dollars in winnings in a fantasy life can help people escape. whatever the reason it must be understood. Gambling will only continue to grow, and as fun as it is it must also come shackled with precaution.

Defensive Strategies By Cadburys Against Craft Marketing Essay

Defensive Strategies By Cadburys Against Craft Marketing EssayDiscuss the types of defensive strategies obtainable to object lens companies and in particular, describe the strategies used by Cadbury to, albeit unsuccessfully, defend the bid by kraft.With the development of economy and technology, competition among enterprises is becoming increasingly intense. Many companies take root to expand their companies scale and business through jointures and sciences to achieve maximum profits. Takeover is a business behaviour that nonpareil participation is purchased by another one. at that place argon several types of takeover, including friendly takeovers, hostile takeovers, reverse takeovers and backflip takeovers. Even though roughly unitings and acquisitions can bring about synergy and more substantial profits, whatever takeovers are not welcome. Therefore, a large publications of measures are taken by target companies to defend the hostile takeover. In this essay, I state different types of takeover defence and their char turn of eventseristics. Furthermore, I introduce their practical application taking the merger of Kraft and Cadbury as an example. diverse types of defensive strategiesDefensive strategies can be classified into active measures and preventive measures. Active measures consist of greenmail, standstill agreement, white knight, and so on, while preventive measures are made up of poisonous substance pills, nation pill and other defences. In particular, greenmail, poison pills, staggered board terms and super volume rules are common used defensive strategies by incumbent managers.Greenmail is purchasing enough grants of the target company to threaten its shareholders interests and then forcing the target company to agree to buy the bidders tenor back at a insurance premium as long as it does not want to be taken over. It has brought fabulous profits for investors. For example, in June 1979, Icahn batch in the United States bought 9.9% of the shares of the Saxon Industries Corporation at $7.21 per share. And in February 1980, Saxon repurchased its own shares held by Icahn Corporation at the price of $10.50 per share. Icahn also bought 10% of shares of Hammermill paper Corporation at 25 dollars per share in the late of 1979. afterwards that, the latter bought back these shares held by Icahn at the price of 36 dollars per share. Icahn totally invested $20,000,000 in the merger activities and made 900 million dollars profits after these stocks were repurchased. As the US tax law regulates that the income from greenmail should pay 50 percent of the tax. Moreover, disputes often lead to high legal costs, as a result, the use of this takeover defence are greatly restricted.Stock price of the target company usually goes down after it pays greenmail to the smashed which want to take over the company. For instance, in 1984, David Murdoch held 5% of occidental Petroleums stock and forced it to take measures to increa se the value of its stock. Occidental Petroleum responded to the pressure by purchase Murdochs shares back at a substantial premium to the fair stock market price. It repurchased the 5 percent of stocks at a price of $40.1 per share instead of the market price of $28.75, that is, it enabled Murdoch to gain the extra 42 percent of profits to the market value and made the total profits up to 56 million dollars. After paying greenmail to Murdoch, the market price per share of Occidental Petroleum stock dropped by $0.875, indicating the market value of the company declined over 80 million dollars. Since the stock price had decreased before the contract of the repurchase, the actual losses were more than $80 million.A poison pill, which is also called a shareholder rights plan, is the most effective defence outline. It was devised in the mid-1980s which forced the acquiring firm to negotiate the purchase price of the stock with the target firms board of directors, rather than negotiat e with shareholders directly. Even though there are different kinds of pills, they bring on one thing in common that they increase the cost of takeover as a transfer occurs from the bidder to shareholders.Poison pills are forbidden in some countries such as the United Kingdom. In Europe, due to the complicated political environment and the uncommon explicit poison pills, many governments can prevent companies from buying other firms by taking a series of political actions, but some hostile takeovers may be successful.There are five types of poison pills, including preferred stock plan, flipover rights plan, ownership flip-in plan, back-end rights plan and voting plan. Flipover rights plan is the most popular takeover defence in these five kinds of poison pills. Shareholders of the target firm have the right to buy stocks of the acquiring enterprise at a discounted price after the merger, which is equal to a stock dividend. In the event of the acquisition, the number of shares held by the bidder will decrease as well as stock prices. If Corporation A decide to merger with Corporation B and Corporation B have the option to purchase As shares at a discount, the acquisition cost is quite expensive for A so that it may choose to make water up the acquisition of B ultimately.An acquirer which has gained over fifty percent of a target firms stocks may be unable to take over the company as some companies have regulations that who acquire at least two thirds supports from shareholders and sometimes 90% of shares have the right in charge of the company. Staggered board of directors or classified board refers to that the board of directors is divided into different classes, and companys articles of association formulate that only a part of directors, commonly one third or one fourth, can be re-elected each year. The measure means that even if the acquirer has held enough shares of the target firm and gained control of the company, it can neither make a substantive rest ructuring of the board of directors nor immediately take over the board of directors. The staggered board of directors plays a significant role in delaying the process of hostile takeover. As the majority of directors in the board are original, they still hold the majority voting power and control the company. They can decide to broad investments and increase their shares to dilute the bidders stock shares, or take other actions to achieve the purpose of anti acquisition. Staggered Boards is an effective takeover defence that has little impact on share prices.Case select Cadburys defences against the bid of KraftCadbury is an international company to produce, promote and distribute sweets and beverage products. It is the humanitys second largest confectionery company as well as the second largest manducate gum company. Kraft food is the second largest food company in the world, whose core products are coffee, candy, dairy products and beverages. It has over sixty thousand employ ees around the world and has launched business in 145 countries.Even though the American blue-collar are enthusiastic about Kraft products, Krafts sales performance was far slight than expectation as its revenue declined by 6%. Due to the excessive reliance on low end market and the lack of new increase points, Kraft faced a crucial decision one was introducing new products and promoting a new brand, the other was taking over the existing namely brands.On 28 August 2009, Rosenfeld, the chairman of Kraft, proposed an offer to absorb Cadbury at a price which was 31% higher than the closing price at that day and amounted to nearly 10.2 meg pounds. Although Roger, the chairman of Cadbury realized that the development of the company size had suffered bottlenecks, he convinced that in the acquisition game, Cadbury would be able to reap the initiative opportunity. On 7 September, Cadbury formally stated that it rejected Krafts acquisition, because the proposed acquisition greatly under estimated the value and development prospects of Cadbury. Because of the acquisition news, Cadburys share price come up by 37% at that day, make its total market value up to an unprecedented 106 billion pounds, which was more than Krafts bid. On September 22nd, intolerable Cadbury asked the British MA supervision founding to give a ruling to Kraft, forcing it to nail down before the 9 November. If it cannot submit a more reasonable offer, Kraft would not take acquisition activities within at least six months. Immediately, Rosenfeld said that Kraft did not have to take over Cadbury. This made a lot of Cadburys shareholders begin to irritate that Cadburys share price would collapse if Kraft gave up the acquisition. Roger appeased shareholders and he believed that refusing the acquisition and remaining independence of Cadbury could bring about best interests to shareholders. Cadbury was confident of its independent strategy and development prospective in the future, while merging w ith Kraft, which had low growth, may have an obscure prospect. On October 21st, Cadbury released the third-quarter financial statement which indicated that the quarterly revenue rose by 7%. On that day, its stock price reached a record high, with a total market value as much as 11.08 billion pounds. Shareholders of Cadbury took the opportunity to express that if Krafts offer was 122 million pounds, they were able to discuss on the issue of acquisition. This price was 20 billion pounds higher than Krafts original offer price. On 9 November, Kraft announced that it would launch a hostile bid for Cadbury in accordance with the previous offer.In late November 2009, the US Hershey Corporation, the Italian Ferrero Corporation and Nestl of Switzerland had expressed their willingness to bid. Therefore, Cadbury must not be so easily accept Krafts offer. Because Kraft is not the only one which tended to take over Cadbury, while Cadbury is closely the only choice for Kraft. Roger Carr said th at Cadbury preferred to merger with Hershey rather than Kraft, because this merger was expected to generate higher earnings per share. It was reported that the directors of Cadbury secretly contacted Hersheys directors to encourage it to act as a white knight and launch a tender offer in order to compete with Kraft. It is a takeover defence cognise as white knight. When a company become the hostile takeover target, it may invite another company to make friendly acquisition design to defuse the pressure of hostile takeovers. The company which is invited to help the target firm defend hostile takeovers is called white knight.Success for the Cadbury takeover would bring about less synergy and make Nestle face antitrust scrutiny, while Hershey had no ability to bear acquisitions without Ferreros assistance. As a result, they gave up taking over Cadbury. Finally, Krafts merger of Cadbury was successful at the price of $19.5 billion.ConclusionTakeover defences mentioned above are effect ive and commonly used measures to resist the hostile takeover of acquiring firms. Different strategies have different characteristics and applications. For instance, staggered broad of directors has less influence with the companys stock price than greenmail, while poison pills are forbidden in some countries.The merger of Cadbury and Kraft is a well-known and significant MA case in this century. Even if Cadbury had taken a series of actions to defend Krafts takeover and achieve some results initially, causing Kraft had to sell its pizza business at a super low price and issue new shares, eventually, Kraft gained the victory of the campaign. In my opinion, adopting expeditious defensive strategies do not mean obtaining desired results. The surrounding economic environment and views of counterparty also play a vital role in merger and acquisition activities.

Ethical And Effective Practice With Service Users Social Work Essay

Ethical And Effective Practice With Service Users Social movement EssaySelecting an appropriate system of hinderance is central to ethical and rough-and-ready form with emolument exploiters. The put of this essay is to define what is meant my method of intervention, explore the main factors which limit the exerter when selecting a method and comminutedly consider the piece of partnership meshing and empowerment.Intervention is r arly defined. It originates from the Latin inter (between) and venire (to come) and means coming between (Trevithick, 2005 66). Interventions are at the heart of everyday hearty interactions and make inevitably make up a substantial majority of human behaviour and are made by those who desire and intend to influence some part of the world and the beings within it (Kennard et al. 19933). Social contrive interventions are blueprintful actions we undertake as workers which are based on fellowship and examineing acquired, skills learnt and valu es adopted. Therefore, interventions are knowledge, skills, apprehension and values in action. Intervention may focus on individuals, families, communities, or groups and be in different forms depending on their purpose and whether directive or non-directive.Gener on the wholey, interventions that are directive aim to purposefully change the course of events and heap be highly influenced by agency policy and practice or by the practitioners prospect on how to move events forward. This may involve offering advice, providing instruction and suggestions about what to do, or how to behave and faeces be of import and a pro anticipatement where immediate danger or risk is involved.In non-directive interventions the worker does not attempt to decide for people, or to lead, guide or persuade them to accept his/her specific conclusions (Coulshed and Orme, 1998 216). Work is done in a way to enable individuals to decide for themselves and involves helping people to problem solve or ta lk about their thoughts, feelings and the different courses of action they may take (Lishman, 1994). Counselling skills can be beneficial or important in this regard (Thompson 2000b).Work with service users can then involve both directive and non-directive elements and both types have advantages and disadvantages (Mayo, 1994). Behaviourist, cognitive and psychosocial approaches tend to be directive but this depends on perspective adopted and the practitioners character. In contrast, community work is generally non-directive and person-centred.Interventions have different time periods and levels of intensity which are dependent on several factors such as setting where the work is located, problem presented, individuals involved and agency policy and practice. Several practice approaches have a time limited factor such as parturiency-centred work, crisis intervention and some behavioural approaches and are practically favorite(a) by agencies for this reason. In addition, practice approaches that are designed to be used for a goodly time such as psychosocial are often geared towards more planned short-run, time limited and pore work (Fanger 1995).Although negotiation should take interject with service users to ensure their needs and expectations are taken into account, it is not common practice for practitioners to offer choice on whether they would prefer a directive or non-directive approach or the practice approach adopted (Lishman, 1994). However, this lack of choice is now being recognised and addressed with the involvement of service users and others in the decision-making transit in relation to agency policy, practice and service delivery (Barton, 2002 Croft and Beresford, 2000).The purpose and use of different interventions is contentious. Payne (1996 43) argues that the term intervention is oppressive as it indicates the moral and policy-making authority of the social worker. This concern is also shared by others with Langan and Lee (198983) describing the potentially invasive nature of interventions and how they can be used to control others. Jones suggests that in relation to power differences and the attitude of social workers especially with regards to people living in poverty the working class poor have been generally inappropriate toward social work intervention and have rejected social works d ingestward gaze and highly interventionist and moralistic approach to their poverty and associated difficulties (Jones, 2002a 12). It is recognised that intervention can be oppressive, delivered with no clear purpose or in-depth pose however, some seek and find interventions that are empathic, caring and non-judgemental due to practitioners demonstrating relevant invite and show appropriate knowledge (Lishman, 199414). For m whatever practitioners, these attributes are essential in any intervention and are demonstrated through commitment, concern and respect for others which are qualities that are valued by service users (Cheetham et al. 1992 Wilson, 2000).Dependent on the nature of help sought there are different opinions on whether interventions should be targeted on personal change or wider societal, environmental or political change. Some may want assistance in accessing a particular service or other forms of help and not embrace interventions that may take them in a particular direction i.e. social action (Payne et al. 2002). In contrast, problems may date from or become worse if no collective action is taken.Importance has reduced in relation to methods of intervention over recent years as social work agencies have given more focus to opinion and immediate or short-term solutions (Howe, 1996 Lymbery 2001). This is strengthened by the reactive nature of service provision which is more concerned with practical results than with theories and principles. This has a reduced effect on workers knowledge of a cuckold of methods resulting in workers using a preferred method which is not evidenced i n their practice (Thompson, 2000). Methods of intervention should be the basis of ongoing intervention with service users, but often lacks structured planning and is reactive to crisis. This reactive response with emphasis on assessment role models is concerning, as workers are still managing high caseloads and if not supervised and supported appropriately, workers are at risk of stress and eventual burn-out (Jones, 2001 Charles and Butler, 2004).Effective use of methods of intervention allows work to be planned, structured and prioritised depending on service users needs. Methods can be complicated as they are underpinned by a wide range of skills and influenced by the approach of the worker. Most methods tend to follow similar routinees of application assessment, planning of goals, death penalty, termination, evaluation and review. Although the process of some methods is completed in three/four interactions others take longer. This difference shows how some methods place more o r less immenseness on factors such as personality or society, which then informs the type of intervention required to resolve issues in the service users accompaniment (Watson and West, 2006).More than one method can be used in conjunction with another, depending on how comprehensive work with service users needs to be (Milner and OByrne, 1998). However, each method has different assessment and an implementation process which looks for different types of information about the service users circumstance for example, task centred looks for causes and solutions in the present situation and psychosocial explores past experiences. Additionally, the method of assessment may require that at least two assessments be undertaken the first to explore the necessity of involvement and secondly, to negotiate the method of intervention with the service user.An effective assessment framework that is flexible and has heterogeneous options is beneficial but should not awkward or time consuming to either the worker or the service user. As Dalrymple and murder (1995) suggest, a biography framework is an ideal way as it enables service users to locate present issues in the context of their life both past and present.Workers should aim to practice in a way which is empowering and the process of information gathering should attempt to fit into the exchange model of assessment, irrespective of the method of intervention and should be the basis of a working relationship which moves towards partnership (Watson and West, 2006). As part of the engagement and assessment process, the worker needs to negotiate with the service user to understand the issue(s) that need to be addressed and method(s) employed and take into account not only the nature of the problem but also the urgency and potential consequences of not intervening (Doel and Marsh, 1992).Importance should be placed on presenting and underlying issues early in the assessment process as it enables the worker to look at an as sessment framework and approach that assists short or long-term methods of intervention. An inclusive and holistic assessment enables the service user to have a direct influence on the method of intervention selected and be at the heart of the process. The process of assessment must(prenominal) be shared with and understood by the service user for any method of intervention to be successful (Watson and West, 2006).The workers approach also has an influence on method selection as this will affect how they perceive and fit to specific situations. The implementation of methods is affected by both the values of the method and value base of the individual worker. The worker will also influence how the method is applied in practice through implementation, evaluation, perceived expertise and attitude to empowerment and partnership.Methods such as task centred are seen to be empowering with ethnic minority and other oppressed groups as service users are seen to be able to define their ow n problems (Ahmad, 1990). However, when an approach is used which is worker or agency focused the service user may not be fully enabled to define the problem and results in informing but not engaging them in find out priorities.Empowerment and partnership involves sharing and involving service users in method selection, application of the method, allocation of tasks, responsibilities, evaluation and review and is crucial in enabling facing challenges in their situations and lives. However, service users can have difficulty with this level of information-sharing and may prefer that the worker take the lead role rather than negotiating something different and not neediness to acquire new skills to have full advantage of the partnership offered.Selecting a method of intervention should not be a technical process of information gathering and a tick box process to fall upon a desired outcome. Milner and OByrne (2002) suggest it requires combining various components such as analysis an d understanding of the service user, worker and the mandate of the agency providing the service otherwise intervention could be is restrictive and limit available options. However, negotiation and the competing demands of all involved parties must be considered and the basis of anti-oppresive practice established.Methods of intervention can be a complex and demanding activity especially in terms of time and energy and therefore, short-term term methods are seen as less intensive and demanding of the worker as well as more successful in practice. However, Watson and West (2006 62) see this as a misconception, as the popular more short-term methods often make extensive demands on the workers time and energy.Workers are often dealing with uncertainty as each service user have different capabilities, levels of confidence and support networks. Therefore, there is no one ideal method for any given situation but a range of methods that have both advantages and disadvantages and as Trethivi ck (2005 1) suggests workers need to have a toolkit to begin to understand people and need to widen the range of options available in order for them to respond flexibly and appropriately to each new situation (Parker and Bradley, 2003).When using methods of intervention, workers have to be organised to ensure that the task is proactively carried out and often attempt to prioritise involvement with service users against both local and national contexts and provide an appropriate level of service within managerial constraints. This prioritisation means in practice that, given the extensive demands, work using methods can only be with four or five service users at any one time and with the additional pressure of monitoring and supervising service users and reports, risk response is often responsive and crisis driven (Watson and West, 2006).To work in an empowering and anti-oppressive perspective is to ensure that intervention focuses clearly on the needs of the service user, is appropr iate to the situation than the needs of the service. An understanding of these competing demands and the workers ability to influence decision-making processes does impact on method selection however, this should not mean that the service is diluted and methods be partially implemented as this is not conducive to managerial or professional agendas on good practice. Thompson (200043) sees this as the set of common patterns, assumptions, values and norms that become established within an organisation over time and a concern of workers is belligerent workplace cultures where ability is based on the number of cases managed rather than the quality that is provided to service users which may result in use of less time-consuming methods.For work to be effective, an ethical and a professional not just a bureaucratic response to pressures faced is required and is not about the service user fitting into the worker or agencys preferred way of working but looking at what is best for the servic e user and finding creative ways to make this happen.Workers need to be careful not to seen as the expert who will resolve the situation as even the most established and undergo practitioners have skills gaps and often develop skills when working with the service users. This process of acquirement in practice requires good support and supervision, enabling the worker to reflect on assumptions about service users and their capabilities especially in relation to gender, race, age or disability to prevent internalised bias to impact on what the service user requires to work on to change the situation (Watson and West, 2006).It is crucial to appreciate the situation from the service users perspective and see them as unique individuals as Taylor and Devine (1993 4) state the clients perception of the situation has to be the basis of effective social work. This concern is also shared by Howe (19873) describing the clients perception is an integral part of the practice of social work. S ervice users often have their own assumptions about what social work is and what workers are able to provide which is generally based on past relationships and experiences for example, black service users experience may reflect a service which in the past was not appropriate to their needs (Milner and Byrne, 1998 23) but to alleviate this practitioners need to work in an open, true(p) and empowering manner and recognise that although service users may be in negative situations they also have strengths and skills that need to be utilised in the social work relationship.Workers should ensure that written agreements are developed that acknowledge all participants roles and responsibilities and avoid assumptions or issues (Lishman, 1994), this avoids breakdown in trust and encourages honesty and open shared tariff between service user and worker. This involves negotiation on what should be achieved, by whom, including agency input. Agreements can provide the potential for empowering p ractice that involves partnership. However, cognisance has to be taken to ensure that the agreement does not become a set of non-negotiated tasks that service users have no possibility of achieving, combined with no reciprocal commitment or obligations by the worker as this does not address the issue of empowerment or oppression and can reinforce the power difference (Rojek and Collins, 1988).The final show of the process is termination which should be planned and allow both parties time and opportunity to prepare for the future however, it has to be carefully and sensitively constructed and is much easier to achieve if the work has been methodical with clear goals as it demonstrates what has been achieved. Evaluation is beneficial as it enables the service user and worker to be reminded of timescales and can acknowledge the service users increase skills, empowerment, confidence and self-esteem which can be utilised after the intervention has ended. Endings can however, be difficul t for both the worker and service user resulting from various factors such as complexity of service users situation, issues of dependency and lack of clarity about purpose and intervention. This lack of clarity can result in a situation of uncertainty for both worker and service user (Watson and West, 2006). Finally, termination as part of the change process creates opportunities but also fear, anxiety and wrong (Coulshed and Orme, 1998).It is important for workers to take a step back and reflect on their practice and review their experiences to ensure that they are providing the best possible service in the most ethical and effective manner. Reflective practice provides support and enables workers to not just meet the needs of the organisation but also develop their own knowledge and skills and increased understanding of their own approach and the situation experienced by service users. A good tool to facilitate this is the use of wistful diaries. Reflecting in action and on acti on both influences and enhances current and future practice. The use of effective supervision is another process where workload management, forum for learning and problem-solving should take place which should be supportive and enabling to the worker (Kadushin and Harkness, 2002). However, the workers role in supervision is often viewed as passive as the supervisor sets the agenda. This can lead to disempowerment of the worker in relation to the agency and is potentially oppressive and discriminatory and provides a poor role model for work with service users and therefore consideration must be given on how they can create a positive and empowering relationship (Thompson, 2002).In conclusion, good practice requires workers to have knowledge to understand the person in situation, (Hollis, 1972) understanding both sociological (society and community) and psychological (personality and life span) and the interrelation and impact on the service user (Howe, 1987). A critical skill for eff ective and ethical practice is empowerment which is based on knowledge and values and is the difference between informing and genuine partnership and the importance of active participation of service users throughout the process.Social work is a value based activity and workers through reflection and supervision can all learn from experiences, adapt and enhance these to develop practice and gain self-awareness to understand how they themselves and their approach impacts on service users.

A Feminist Perspective of The Good Mother :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

A feminist Perspective of The Good Mother The Good Mother is carefully structured to determine the reader identify strongly with the vote counter Anna. The story begins with a c set d witness look at the intensely loving relationship between Anna and her daughter. We then learn some of Annas family history and personal priming coat which prepares us for the stark contrast made by her relationship with Leo. Though there are hints, as Anna relates her story, that Leo is now a part of her past, the reasons and enlarge are withheld from the reader so that we feel as shocked as Anna by the phone call from her ex-husband, saying that he is going to fight for manpower of Molly and why. The suspense during the court battle is sustained by the terse descriptions which focus on the facts of the events and the words spoken during the interviews and trial. Because of this reserve, although, like Anna, we fear that she will retrogress Molly, we are still stunned by the verdict and empathi ze with her feelings of loss, helplessness, and rage. I hypothecate the book is very well written and moving. But I am left wondering why Miller wrote this involving book with such a bittersweet ending, one thats much more sad than sweet. Did she simply want to subvert us or to give us a portrait of someone we should feel sorry for? Theres not much point in that, of course, so I doubt it. Was the book intended as some sort of moral lesson? The fibber clearly relates her proclaim behavior to her past and her family, but I dont cogitate Anna can be read as either a total victim or as a person who is fully to blame for her own fate as a result of having always made completely informed choices she was certainly not making informed choices as a fry or adolescent. Nor do I think we are supposed to fully blame Annas family for her behavior Anna herself says that she had misread all the signals (p. 129) from her mothers overwhelming family. Maybe Millers intent was to puff the read er ponder the reasons for a person feeling the way that Anna feels about herself. Why is she so full of guilt and shame and self-hatred? Like Ursula who asks Anna why she didnt fight harder to keep her daughter and Leo, I wonder why Anna responds the way that she does to events throughout her life.A Feminist Perspective of The Good Mother Feminism Feminist Women CriticismA Feminist Perspective of The Good Mother The Good Mother is carefully structured to make the reader identify strongly with the narrator Anna. The story begins with a close look at the intensely loving relationship between Anna and her daughter. We then learn some of Annas family history and personal setting which prepares us for the stark contrast made by her relationship with Leo. Though there are hints, as Anna relates her story, that Leo is now a part of her past, the reasons and flesh out are withheld from the reader so that we feel as shocked as Anna by the phone call from her ex-husband, saying that he i s going to fight for hands of Molly and why. The suspense during the court battle is sustained by the terse descriptions which focus on the facts of the events and the words spoken during the interviews and trial. Because of this reserve, although, like Anna, we fear that she will lose Molly, we are still stunned by the verdict and empathize with her feelings of loss, helplessness, and rage. I think the book is very well written and moving. But I am left wondering why Miller wrote this involving book with such a bittersweet ending, one thats much more sad than sweet. Did she simply want to set about us or to give us a portrait of someone we should feel sorry for? Theres not much point in that, of course, so I doubt it. Was the book intended as some sort of moral lesson? The narrator clearly relates her own behavior to her past and her family, but I dont think Anna can be read as either a total victim or as a person who is fully to blame for her own fate as a result of having alwa ys made completely informed choices she was certainly not making informed choices as a nestling or adolescent. Nor do I think we are supposed to fully blame Annas family for her behavior Anna herself says that she had misread all the signals (p. 129) from her mothers overwhelming family. Maybe Millers intent was to make the reader ponder the reasons for a person feeling the way that Anna feels about herself. Why is she so full of guilt and shame and self-hatred? Like Ursula who asks Anna why she didnt fight harder to keep her daughter and Leo, I wonder why Anna responds the way that she does to events throughout her life.

Dogma Essay -- Papers

article of faith principle, a belief or set of rules held by a group or organization, which others are expected to follow or accept without argument. He has caused a storm by handicraft into question one of the central dogmas of the church Dogma is a black comedy, which challenges the ideas and beliefs, or dogma, set out by Catholics in particular, but may similarly apply to other faiths. The story is as follows twain angels get kicked out of Heaven, and they want to get back in. They find a way to get back, which in the process will forgive all their sins unsurprisingly they moldiness be stopped, by the last scion, in the shape of Bethany a needy woman struggling with life. Accompanied by two dim prophets, an apostle and a muse, she must stop the two fallen angels from getting back into Heaven, as this would prove God unseasonable and mankind would be reversed, and the effects would be disastrous. The Dogma set of beliefs shared by many, i.e. Ca tholics, have been challenged in the film. The film has explored the ideas, looking at th... Dogma Essay -- Papers Dogma Dogma, a belief or set of rules held by a group or organization, which others are expected to follow or accept without argument. He has caused a storm by calling into question one of the central dogmas of the church Dogma is a black comedy, which challenges the ideas and beliefs, or dogma, set out by Catholics in particular, but may also apply to other faiths. The story is as follows two angels get kicked out of Heaven, and they want to get back in. They find a way to get back, which in the process will forgive all their sins unsurprisingly they must be stopped, by the last scion, in the shape of Bethany a needy woman struggling through life. Accompanied by two dim prophets, an apostle and a muse, she must stop the two fallen angels from getting back into Heaven, as this would prove God wrong and mankind would be revers ed, and the effects would be disastrous. The Dogma set of beliefs shared by many, i.e. Catholics, have been challenged in the film. The film has explored the ideas, looking at th...