The Rise and Fall of Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Rise and Fall of Civilizations - Essay Example The agreement involved one party turning his lands to the other in order to receive something of value in exchange of services. The two parties made promises and honor to each other after agreeing upon a certain contract. They would therefore exchange gifts, the party of the second part would relief payment to the party of the first part where he in turn gives the sword to show honor. The author suggests that the bond established between two parties, the lord and the vassal, as a result of their agreements built by promises and honor, was a powerful way of holding off raiders and establishing peace. This bond was therefore been used as an organization by western Europeans, Mafia and MacDonald’s since it was not primitive and inefficient system. There was no relationship between the gated community and the private security because individual’s self-interest would always affect the community by misuse of power in possession of properties. The feudal system is efficient in that it reviews the complexity of social, political, and economic issues and the state of the government that facilitates the emergence of modern state through invention of new ways of implementing the government, and handling these social, political, and economic complexities. The Constantine’s famous vision was to conquer in the sign of the Christ in spite the large number of his enemy, so he confidently marched towards his destiny. This vision proofed Constantine’s success by henceforth toleration of the Christian worship throughout the empire, treating his enemies with greatest magnanimity and ensured that no bloody executions preceded he success of the Milvian Bridge. However, Constantine ensured that his warriors carried Christ’s monogram on every shield as a sign of showing respect and honor for the favor of God towards the success of their battle. Constantine worshiped Christianity because he grew up in

The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried Essay 1. Jimmy’s love for Martha is in a very real and literal sense in his mind. This love was constructed in part from a brief encounter they had in the past and established and elaborated on, by his loneliness and battle fatigue brought on by the war. I believe he has constructed this relationship with her because of this. It’s not entirely clear in the story if his love is genuine or merely a catalyst or distraction to transport him away from the world he now lives in, where there is no love or morality only death, pain, and destruction. 2. Jimmy seems to mostly think of Martha when he is feeling alone, when things have become still, or the war has become too much and he has to escape. This is why when his platoon member is in the tunnel, he thinks of her because he knows the place he is in and the danger he could face. It all becomes too much and Jimmy needs to escape for a time. 3. Ted Lavender’s death could be described as a result of carelessness. Maybe in the story he is described of being fearful to the point he was self medicating to numb himself to the reality that surrounded him. On the other hand later in the story the author eliminated the fact of â€Å"in times of war men will sometimes do anything escape†, maybe in some respect Ted was inviting death as means of relief. 4. I believe Jimmy uses this excuse to justify actions and behavior of ordinary men and sometimes even boy’s place an extraordinary and incredibly stressful situations. It excuses him because he falls into the same category of everyone else in the same situation. There are times when men regardless of differences can come together because they all understand a common thread. On the other hand Jimmy’s ranking of Lieutenant places him in a position of leadership and the tie that holds and protects the lives of other and must disassociate himself from excuses to do this. 5. The soldiers make jokes about the war to minimalize what is happening. If you can laugh about something it cannot be that bad. It is also a form of comradely and escapes. 6. The author uses and develops the idea and descriptions of weights in this story to convey to the reader the burden both literal and psychological the soldiers had to endure. Because the author goes into such great detail illustrating to the reader you can almost feel it upon yourself. 7. Jimmy sacrifices his heart at first for one sided love then his duty as a leader and protector of his men. I think he does this because he is human and looking for the same thing everyone else is, a sense of home and normalcy. 8. Jimmy changes in the end of the story by letting go of something that had been weighting him down, pretends to see the love of someone who did not live him back, and has accepted the fact of this situation. It seems he has lost his escape in loving Martha but has gained a sense of closure and will probably help him save his sanity and allow him to be a better soldier and leader. 9. I think the war will seem more real to jimmy now because he is totally immersed in it. He no longer has that place he can go to, to escape. Thinking of Martha and pleasant things and times surrounding her allowed him to be saved from the everyday stresses tragedies, dehumanization’s, and hell of the world of war all around him.

The Drawbacks of Standardized Testing Essay -- High-Stakes Standardized

â€Å"†¦.American schools administer more than one hundred million tests per year† (â€Å"Facts† 125). Standardized tests are used frequently across the country in many schools to evaluate students on certain subjects. Usually, students are hammered with test prep by their teachers, as well as stressed to learn everything on time. Teachers worry about teaching to the test so they can have successful students as well not worry about bad test scores jeoprodizing their jobs. But the fact of the matter is that a lot more than studying can go into testing. From scoring/writing errors, to improper handling, the mistakes that can happen in standardized testing are wide. This isn’t a good thing when future classes as well as scholarship eligibility is determined by these tests. But, from causing student stress to scoring errors, standardized tests are causing people to rethink their significance to education. And what many parents and students are finding out, is t hat these tests are not as good as everyone once thought. As most people may assume, the preparation for standardized tests is long and time consuming, for both the teacher and the student. For the students, they must be constantly making sure they are on task for their normal schoolwork for the subject, as well as studying outside of class extra time. In some cases, students may have to give up activities they normally love to do (like sports, for example) to study hard for these tests that can dictate their future. This isn’t good for students either, even though they are trying to improve their grades. Since most colleges look for a well-rounded student, a people who quit an activity to focus on a test will be losing the well-rounded advantage on a college application. The student... ...e time to do what they enjoy. This will lead to more successful schools and students. Works Cited "Facts About Standardized Testing." Standardized Testing. Ed. Cynthia A. Bily. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2011. 125-128. Print. Landau, Elizabeth. "Standardized Tests Are Overemphasized In College Admissions." Standardized Testing. Ed. Cynthia A. Bily. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2011. 93-98. Print. Layton, Lyndsey. "As High-Stakes Tests Spread, Some Students Drop the Pencil." Washington Post. 15 Apr. 2013: A.12. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 04 Feb. 2014. Strauss, Valerie. "Massachusetts Professors Protest High-Stakes Standardized Tests." Washington Post. 22 Feb. 2013: n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 04 Feb. 2014 Vogell, Heather. "Scoring Errors Jeopardize Tests." Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 22 Sep. 2013: A.1. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 04 Feb. 2014.

Fathers and Sons in Dead Poets Society :: Essays Papers

Fathers and Sons in Dead Poet's Society A father is perhaps the most important role model to his son. The dominant culture states that when a boy is young, he looks to his father for help in identifying his role in society as a man. As the boy grows older, he looks to his father for guidance as to what course he should take in life. The boy becomes a man, and takes care of his father when he grows old and decrepit. This ideology is best shown on the classic television show, Leave it to Beaver. Mr. Cleaver is always present and understanding, willing to help his two sons, Wally and Beaver, through any problem they might face. In the present day political arena, a good demonstration of this status quo is the Bush dynasty. Ex-president George Bush set good morals and gave his son the nurturing needed to one day follow in his footsteps as president of the United States. However, while this stereotype of the perfect father is ideal, it is not realistic. Many times, the father figure in a son's life is abrasive or absent. When the father is not a typical role model to his son, the son suffers strong psychological repercussions and grows to hate and despise his father. This problem appears in present day society in the news, television and specifically, in film. In the movie Dead Poet's Society, directed by Peter Weir, overbearing and absent fathers make negative impacts on their son's development during adolescence. Fatherhood is a common experience for adult men. More than 90 percent of all men get married and of that percentage, 90 percent have children (Snarey 3). John Snarey writes that there are five elements that all fathers must apply to their parenting. First, the father must be present at childbirth. This sets the stage for the father's involvement in childcare for years to come. If the father is not present at the delivery, he is more likely to not be present while the child grows up. Second, the father must be home and available to their child while they are awake. On average, mothers are available three times the amount that father's are to their children (Snarey 33).

Reasons of Government Intervention in Transportation Industry

Abstract Certain function can be carried out satisfactorily only by the central or local government even where the provision of public transport is left entirely to the private sector, the government has an important role to play. If only to ensure through appropriate policy measures that the operating environment is conducive to the development of a suitable transport industry. A fundamental requirement is full government commitment to the success of the transport system even if this requires difficult political decision.In this report, there are few reasons for government involvement in the transport industry with of course based on real-life examples. TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Transport is that part of economic activity which concerned with increasing human satisfaction by changing the geographic position of goods or people. It may bring raw materials to where they can be manufactured more easily, or finished goods to places where consumer can make best use of them. Alterna tively, it may bring the consumer to places where he or she can enjoy services which are being made available.There are 5 types of transportation mode which are road, rail, sea, air and pipeline. Each of it has its own characteristics as well as advantage and disadvantages. The transportation industry can be broken down into three major groups of companies; shipping, passenger transport, and equipment manufacturers. In some cases, particularly within shipping and passenger transport, companies provide services in multiple areas of the industry. Shipping companies are responsible for the transportation of supplies, and products to businesses, governments and individual consumers and operate on a global basis.The passenger transport segment provides people with the means to get anywhere on the planet, whether it is by air, sea or land. Finally, the manufacturing segment produces the trucks, planes, ships and railcars along with all the technology that allow transportation to exist in its current form. These manufacturers are just as essential to the transportation of materials and people as are the companies that transport them. Slow economic activity results in lower demand for freight and passenger transportation.According to the IATA, the air transport industry lost more than $4 billion amidst the 2008 global recession. Another major driver of the industry is cost, in terms of ticket prices and financing (demand) and factors of production (supply). Transportation activities heighten during the holiday seasons, impacting the performance of this industry. The major players of the transportation industry are: * Railways: The US has the biggest railway network (approximately 240,000 kms). Other countries with vast railway lines are Russia (154,000 kms) and Canada (72,961 kms). Airways: The major airlines are British Airways, Lufthansa, Qantas, Cathay Pacific, Emirates, Air France-KLM and Southwest Airlines. * Shipping and logistics: The chief shipping companies a re APM Maersk (TEU capacity: 2,031,886), Mediterranean Shipping Company (1,469,865) and CMA CGM Group (988,141). Government in Transport Industry Any transport system requires basic regulations in the interest of public safety. A basic framework of rules must be laid down and enforced. Offences must be delineated and punishments prescribed.The doctrine of Laissez-Faire, which drew from the eighteenth-century, holds that the state should not interfere with the activities of private individuals who are showing enterprise but should leave them to do as what seem fit. But it soon become apparent that in reality where the entrepreneur are aiming at the greatest personal profit, was likely to exploit the general public, especially in view of the monopolistic nature of many early transport enterprises. Here are where the line of government to start their involvement in the industry with a lots more additional reasons.Transport policies arise because of the extreme importance of transport i n virtually every aspect of national life. Transport is taken by governments of all types, from those that are intervention list to the most liberal, as a vital factor in economic development. Transport is seen as a key mechanism in promoting, developing and shaping the national economy. Transport frequently is an issue in national security. Policies are developed to establish sovereignty or to ensure control over national space and borders. TheInterstate Highway Act of 1956, that provided the United States with its network of expressways, was formulated by President Eisenhower on the grounds of national security. Reasons commonly advanced for government involvement in urban transport markets include: †¢ The ‘public good’ or non-commercial nature of urban transport; †¢ Natural monopolies in public transport; †¢ Safety regulation; †¢ Environmental and health effects; and †¢ Providing access to the transport disadvantaged. A. Transport services as a ‘public good’Certain transport services may not be provided sufficiently or at all by the private sector even though they are valued by users because of inherent difficulties in charging for or excluding those who do not pay for the service. For example, without government funding, roads would be under-provided. Commercial incentives to provide roads privately are compromised by the need to allow many entry and exit points from a given route (particularly for local roads), presenting obstacles to the efficient collection of user charges. However, the distinction between a ‘public’ and a purely ‘commercial’ service is not always clearcut.Some participants argued that public transport also possessed the attributes of a ‘public good’. For example, the Council of Pensioner and Retired Persons Association (SA) Inc commented: The idea of User Pays — that the system will pay for itself — is absurd. Public transport is a P UBLIC UTILITY, a PUBLIC SERVICE, the same as the Police Force or the Fire Brigade. B. Controlling Monopolies Transport is a natural monopoly in many ways but particularly in the case of transport where very heavy capital costs are involved. The best examples are the canal of the eighteenth-century.The existence of a natural monopoly in certain aspects of urban public transport is seen as necessitating a role for government to prevent the exercise of market power and possible exploitation of the travelling public. This role usually takes the form of direct service provision and/or regulation of fares. Unrestrained competition leads to market dominance by a company thereby achieving monopoly power. Such dominance brings into question many issues affecting the public interest such as access (in a port would smaller shipping lines be excluded? , availability (would smaller markets continue to receive air service by a monopoly carrier? ) and price (would the monopolist be in a position t o charge high prices? ). Other reasons for policy intervention include the desire to limit foreign ownership of such a vital industry for concerns that the system would be sidetracked to service more foreign than national interests. For example, the US limits the amount of foreign ownership of its domestic airlines to a maximum of 49%, with a maximum of 25% control. Other countries have similar restrictions. C. SafetyTransport raises many questions about public safety. Issues of public safety have for a long time led to the development of policies requiring driving licenses, limiting the hours of work of drivers, imposing equipment standards, establishing speed limits, mandating highway codes, seat belts and other accident controls. More recently, environmental standards and control measures are being instituted, in response to the growing awareness of the environmental impacts of transport. Examples include banning leaded gasoline and mandating catalytic converters in automobiles.B oth the US government and such international organizations as the International Maritime organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) have instituted new measures that impact on operations, and represent additional costs to the transport industry. An inadequate level of safety may be provided by a free market if operators do not incur the full costs of damage or injury to passengers and by standees caused by an absence of safety measures. For example, those injured incur costs which can only be retrieved through personal insurance or common law.D. Environmental and Health Governments are beginning to exert greater control over environmental and health, issues that are replacing former preoccupations with economic matters. The environment is becoming a significant issue for government intervention. Coastal zone legislation has made it increasingly difficult for ports to develop new sites in the US. Air quality is a major factor influencing the allocation o f US federal funds for urban transport infrastructure. In Europe, environmental issues are having an even greater influence on transport policy.The EU Commission is promoting rail and short sea shipping as alternatives to road freight transport. Projects are assessed on the basis of CO2 reduction. All transportation projects are subject to extensive environmental assessments, which may lead to a rejection of proposals, despite strong economic justification, such as the case of the Dibden Bay proposal for expanding the port of Southampton in the UK. As a major source of atmospheric pollution and environmental degradation, the transportation industry can anticipate many further government environmental policy interventions. E. Providing Access to the Transport DisadvantagedGovernments also intervene to assist the transport disadvantaged. Some members of the community may not be able to afford adequate access to transport due to low incomes and/or the high cost of transport to them. Th e desire to provide public transport at a particularly low cost to pensioners, the unemployed, the old and the young has provided justification for government being involved in urban transport operations. Almost universally, public transport has been provided at a loss because governments have been concerned that it be accessible to as many people as possible at a price as low as possible.Many transport modes and services are capital intensive, and thus policies seeking to promote services or infrastructure that the private sector are unwilling or unable to provide may be made commercially viable with the aid of subsidies. Private railroad companies in the Nineteenth Century received large land grants and cash payments from governments anxious to promote rail services. In the US, the Jones Act, that seeks to protect and sustain a US-flagged merchant fleet, subsidizes ship construction in US shipyards.Indirect subsidies were offered to the air carriers of many countries in the early years of commercial aviation through the awarding of mail contracts. The Roles of Different Levels of Government In each State and Territory, governments operate public transport authorities. Urban rail systems are run by state government monopolies. In the case of buses, a mix of public and private operators prevails, but private operators usually operate under licences or contracts specifying routes, schedules, fares and so on. Taxis are mainly run by private interests, but are heavily regulated by government licensing bodies.State governments are responsible for the construction and maintenance of state arterial roads. These functions are performed through the various state road agencies. State departments of transport or their equivalents generally administer overall transport policy. Other government agencies which impinge on urban transport include urban planning and environment. The nature, extent and effectiveness of coordinating machinery vary. Local governments also play a considerable role through their land use regulations, funding of local roads, and provision of local public transport.The Commonwealth Office of Local Government identified a number of activities of local government: †¢ The construction, funding, design and managements of roads; †¢ Land use planning and regulation; †¢ Providing some specialised local public transport; †¢ Shaping transport options by measures such as control of parking; †¢ Providing transport related infrastructure such as car parking areas and bus/rail interchanges; and †¢ Interaction with other government spheres on land use and transport planning. ConclusionIt is essential to control transport from many points of view, but it is important not to make regulations so burdensome that they discourage enterprise. The chief reasons for regulations are to promote safety of the public, to prevent the abuse of monopoly situations and to avoid cut-throat competition. It is also important to en sure that transport costs are not passed on to the general public as ‘social costs’ for example as pollution, noise, accident damage and more. Therefore the government involvement in transport industry is important to balance up the economy and benefit either on the entrepreneur side or the consumer.REFFERENCES The Australian Government's role in transport security, retrieved on 5 December 2011 from http://www. dfat. gov. au/facts/transport_security. html Transportation Industry, retrieved on 3 December 2011 from http://www. wikinvest. com/industry/Transportation EconomyWatch (30 June 2010), Transportation Industry, Transportation Sector; retrieved from http://www. economywatch. com/world-industries/transportation-industry. html Don Benson, Ralph Bugg, Geoffrey Whitehead (1994). Transport and Logistic. Great Britain: Woodhead-Faulkner (Publisher) Limited.

More You Should Know about Hercules

More You Should Know about Hercules What You Should Know About Hercules | More You Should Know About Hercules | 12 Labors Hercules (Greek: Heracles/Herakles) Basics: Hercules was Apollo and Dionysus half-brother through their father Zeus. Disguised as Amphitryon, Zeus paid a conjugal visit to Amphitryons wife, Hercules mother, the Mycenaean princess Alcmene. Hercules and his twin, mortal, half-brother Iphicles, son of Alcmene and the real Amphitryon, were in their cradle when a pair of snakes visited them. Hercules happily strangled the snakes, possibly sent by Hera or Amphitryon. This inaugurated an extraordinary career that included the well-known 12 labors Hercules performed for his cousin Eurystheus. Here are more of Hercules feats with which you should be familiar. Education Hercules was talented in many areas. Castor of the Dioscuri taught him to fence, Autolycus taught him to wrestle, King Eurytus of Oechalia in Thessaly taught him archery, and Orpheus brother Linus, son of Apollo or Urania, taught him to play the lyre. [Apollodorus.] Cadmus is usually attributed with introducing letters into Greece, but Linus taught Hercules, and the not very academically inclined Hercules broke a chair over Linus head and killed him. Elsewhere, Cadmus is credited with killing Linus for the honor of introducing writing to Greece. [Source: Kerenyi, Heroes of the Greeks] Hercules and the Daughters of Thespius King Thespius had 50 daughters and wanted Hercules to impregnate them all. Hercules, who went hunting with King Thespius each day, was unaware that each nights woman was different (although he may not have cared), and so he impregnated 49 or 50 of them. The women gave birth to 51 sons who are said to have colonized Sardinia. Hercules and the Minyans or How He Acquired His First Wife The Minyans were exacting a heavy tribute from Thebes the usually cited birthplace of the hero while it was ruled by King Creon. Hercules encountered the Minyan ambassadors en route to Thebes and cut off their ears and noses, made them wear their bits as necklaces, and sent them back home. The Minyans sent retaliatory a military force, but Hercules defeated it and freed Thebes from the tribute. Creon rewarded him with his daughter, Megara, for his wife. The Augean Stables Reprised, With Dishonor King Augeas had refused to pay Hercules for cleaning his stables during the 12 Labors, so Hercules led a force against Augeas and his twin nephews. Hercules contracted a disease and asked for a truce, but the twins knew it was too good an opportunity to miss. They continued to try to annihilate Hercules forces. When the Isthmian Games were about to begin, the twins set out for them, but by this time, Hercules was on the mend. After dishonorably attacking and killing them, Hercules went to Elis where he installed Augeas son, Phyleus, on the throne in place of his treacherous father. More Hercules Dishonor Madness Euripides tragedy Hercules Furens is one of the sources for the madness of Hercules. The story, like most of those involving Hercules, has confusing and contradictory details, but in essence, Hercules, returning from the Underworld in some confusion, mistook his own sons, ones he had with Creons daughter Megara, for those of Eurystheus. Hercules killed them and would have continued his murderous rampage had Athena not lifted the (Hera-sent) madness or ate. Many consider the 12 Labors Hercules performed for Eurystheus his atonement. Hercules may have married Megara to his nephew Iolaus before leaving Thebes forever. Hercules Fight With Apollo Iphitus was the son of Apollos grandson Eurytus, who was the father of the beautiful Iole. In Book 21 of the Odyssey, Odysseus obtains the bow of Apollo when he helps in the hunt for Eurytus mares. Another part of the story is that when Iphitus came to Hercules looking for the missing dozen mares, Hercules welcomed him as a guest, but then hurled him to his death from a tower. This was another dishonorable murder for which Hercules needed to atone. The provocation may have been that Eurytus denied him the prize of his daughter, Iole, that Hercules had won in a bow-shooting contest. Possibly in search of atonement, Hercules arrived at the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi, where as a murderer he was denied sanctuary. Hercules took the opportunity to steal the tripod and cauldron of Apollos priestess. Apollo came after him and was joined by his sister, Artemis. On Hercules side, Athena joined the fight. It took Zeus and his thunderbolts to put an end to the fighting, but Hercules still hadnt made atonement for his act of murder. Apollo, Asclepius, and Admetus On a related note, Apollo and Hercules both confronted Laomedon, an early king of Troy who refused to pay either Apollo or Hercules. Hercules and Omphale For atonement, Hercules was to endure a similar term to the one Apollo had served with Admetus. Hermes sold Hercules as a slave to the Lydian queen Omphale. In addition to getting her pregnant and tales of transvestism, the story of the Cercopes and the Black-bottomed Hercules comes from this period. Omphale (or Hermes) also set Hercules to work for a treacherous robber named Syleus. With wanton vandalism, Hercules demolished the thiefs property, killed him, and married his daughter, Xenodike. Hercules Last Mortal Wife Deianeira The final phase of Hercules mortal life involves his wife Deianeira, daughter of Dionysus (or King Oineus) and Althaia. Exchange and the Maiden When Hercules was taking his bride home, the centaur Nessus was to ferry her across the Euenos River. The details are varied, but Hercules shot Nessus with poisoned arrows when he heard the screaming of his bride being ravaged by the centaur. The centaur persuaded Deianeira to fill her water jug with blood from his wound, assuring her it would be a potent love potion when next Hercules eye started to wander. Instead of being a love potion, it was a potent poison. When Deianeira thought Hercules was losing interest, preferring Iole to herself, she sent him a robe drenched in the centaurs blood. As soon as Hercules put it on his skin burned intolerably. Poisoned Clothing Hercules wanted to die  but was having trouble finding someone to set his funeral pyre alight so he could self-immolate. Finally, Philoctetes or his father agreed and received Hercules bow and arrows as a thanks offering. These turned out to be essential weapons required by the Greeks to win the Trojan War. As Hercules burned, he was taken to the gods and goddesses where he gained full immortality and Heras daughter Hebe for his final wife. Philoctetes - The Difficult PatientBulfinch: Hercules - Hebe and GanymedeDeath of Hercules

The `Liberal Tories Essay Example

The `Liberal Tories Essay Example The `Liberal Tories Essay The `Liberal Tories Essay A member of the Tory party believes that the monarch and the Church of England is supreme and will respect their authority. Tories are against parliamentary, and social reform, and due to their belief in the superiority of the protestant church of England, they are also strongly against Catholic emancipation, they did not think that Catholics should have the same rights as others just because of their religion. On the other hand, a Liberal favours individual liberty, free trade and moderate parliamentary and social reform, generally, they are not against Catholic emancipation. In conclusion, a Tory and a Liberal have completely opposite beliefs; therefore will be on different sides of the government. Between 1822 and 1827, the Tory government set up many `Liberal reforms in order to try and improve the countrys economy and industry (especially trade). The first set of reforms were the Economic policies. These reforms aimed to improve Britains trading position with the rest of the world based on the introduction of free trade (a liberal policy). Liverpool was known to support this idea, and he argued to reduce tariffs and taxes imposed on imports from abroad. David Ricardo saw free trade as a part of a national crusade to improve the economic condition of Britain, and Adam Smith argued that the less restrictions there are on the development of an economy, the more successful it would become. The Reciprocity of Duties Act in 1823 was the first example of the new liberal reforms set out by the Tory government in order to improve Britains economy, and to stabilise the state. It attempted to change the navigation laws passed in the 17^th century designed to protect British ships from competition from the Dutch. In response to this, any European ports excluded British ships from their ports, affecting British trade. The Reciprocity Act of 1823 overcame these obstacles by allowing free entry of foreign ships into Britain. The aim was that not only would it be seen as a gesture of goodwill abroad, it would also reduce the costs of imports to British manufactures hopefully resulting in an increase in the countrys GMP. The next step to improve British trading was to relax the restrictions on trade with Britains colonies, which had previously been under strict control. As a result of Huskissons influence, the colonies ould now trade with foreign countries, however the government attempted to retain their support by ensuring that duties were lower on goods trading between Britain and the colonies than non-Imperial trade. The final economic reform set up by the new `Liberal Tory government was the reduction of domestic duties, influenced by Robinson. Robinsons main focus was the reduction of import duties on a variety of raw materials, customs and excise duties. These reductions aimed to encourage demand and improve economic stability. Robinson managed to reduce indirect taxation on a variety of goods. To some extent, all of these economic reforms do support the view of the new `Liberal Tory government. While improvements in the economy were intended to increase the standard of living, there also had to be improvements in the living and working conditions as well as an attempt to improve the legal system for the government to be labelled `Liberal Tory. In 1824, the first of two major social reforms were set up; the repeal of the Combination Laws. Trade unions had been banned since 1799 because of the government belief that they posed a threat to the stability of the state. However, in 1824, trade unions were set up to protect the interests of the workers against exploitation by the employer. Radical MPs such as Sir Francis Burdett and Joseph Hume believed that once workers rights were reinstated there would be an improvement in the relationship between employer and employee, as a result, in 1824, the combination laws were repealed. The penal code (the judicial system) was in desperate need of reform, over 200 offences carried the death penalty, even for just stealing a piece of bread. Research has shown that some of these `criminals that ad been put to death were in fact innocent. The prisons were filthy and unkempt and in urgent need of improvement. Between 1823 and 1830, Peel as home security passed a whole series of reforms that transformed the rather outdated system he inherited. The penal code was modernised, and the death sentence was abolished for over 180 offences. In 1823, the Gaols (Jails) Act was passed, this improved conditions in the prisons. Finally, Peel established the Metropolitan police in 1829; this attempted to stem the alarming rise in crime in Britain. Overall, the social and economic reforms set up between 1822 and 1827, do support the title `Liberal Tory. But there were still many areas that needed reform that the government did not address, for example the lack of parliamentary reforms and catholic emancipation; making the improvements carried out seem less effective in improving the British economy and the peoples discontent. The title `Liberal Tory contradicts itself, making it seem almost impossible because Liberals and Tories are completely different parties with opposite beliefs and priorities. Liberals favour ndividual liberty, free trade, and parliamentary and social reforms; as well as catholic emancipation. Tories, however support the monarchy and the Church of England, and are against parliamentary and social reform, and catholic emancipation. Liberals and Tories are as opposite as hot and cold, you cannot be both. Finally, although the Tories were responsible for many reforms throughout 1822-27, the period 1815-1822 was not as repressive in comparison as once thought. The period 1822-1823 presented great change for the Tory party. In 1822, Canning replaced Castlereagh as foreign secretary; and Peel eplaced Sidmouth as Home secretary. In 1823, Robinson replaced Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer; and Huskisson became the president of the board of trade. But although these men were new to their senior positions within the party, they were not new to the Tory government; the new men did not regard their position as an opportunity to challenge government philosophy-Evans. The argument that much of the groundwork for the reforms, adjustments and improvements had been put through in train by their allegedly reactionary predecessors and by themselves as subordinates. The real distinction is not philosophical but practical, Huskisson and Peel proved to be more able than their predecessors does not support the partys new title `Liberal Tory, and at the same time supporting the argument that the period 1815-1822 was not as repressive as once thought. Lord Liverpool, who was the British Prime Minister from 1812-1827 did not have the ability to create a new ideology, he was a consolidator rather then and innovator, and although he was responsible for keeping the Tory party together,(made evident by the gradual collapse of the Tory government after his resignation as Prime Minister in 1827, shortly before his death) he seemed happier to follow the guidelines of his predecessors then carry out any ideas of his own in order to try and improve the British economy. Liverpool has been accused of creating unrest by introducing the corn laws and the repeal of income tax, Liverpool was not strong enough to pass the policy of income tax through the government. Liverpools weaknesses support the title of `Liberal Tory because it shows how the new Prime ministers were able to improve the economic and social stability of the state. Between 1822-1827 there were many reforms set up, mostly economic and social. For example, the repeal of the combination laws and the legal reforms as well as the improvements in trade and the reductions in domestic duties. However, even though these reforms were liberal, there was no evidence of commitment to catholic emancipation and parliamentary reforms, which made the governments policies less liberal. The Tories appeared to have set up the economic and social reforms in order to strengthen their rule, and to distract the people from the lack of catholic emancipation and parliamentary reforms. Another argument against the title `Liberal Tory is that some historians believe that there was more consistency than originally thought if 1815-22 was less repressive and 1822-27 was less Liberal. This would mean that there was not such a drastic improvement in the stability of the country; and therefore the Tories would not have been as liberal as they had first appeared. The six acts in December 1819 were seen as one of the repressive acts between 1815-22, but the measures introduced were a commonsense reaction to a dangerous situation and deserve to be looked at in a more positive light in erms of their supposed severity on the radical threat to the regime. This quote supports the argument that the period 1815-22 was not as repressive as once thought. Also, although there were many reforms set up between 1822-27, parliamentary reforms and catholic emancipation were not addressed with any seriousness. This evidence suggests that there was more consistency between 1815 and 1827 because it appears that the first half of this time was not as repressive as once thought and the second half of this period was not as liberal as once thought. In conclusion, compared to the previous actions of the Tory overnment, the reforms set up between 1822 and 1827 were more liberal then they had been previously. However, the years 1815-1822 were less repressive then had previously thought, and although there had been many reforms in the later section that had helped to stabilise the state, there was no commitment to parliamentary reforms and catholic emancipation making the period 1822-1827 less liberal. This meant that overall there was more continuity in the years 1815-1827 and the policies and personalities of the members of the Tory cabinet had remained constant making the title `Liberal Tory less reliable.