The Maasai Culture And Ecological Adaptations Essay -- Maasai Culture

Introduction The Rift vale in East Africa has been the home of pastoralists for over three thousand years. A number of different tribes migrated to Kenya, sorted by language they include the Cushites derived from Southern Ethiopia, the Nilotes, which include the Maasai, from Southern Sudan, and the Bantu. The Maa speaking people are the group from which the Maasai originated their refinement southward into the Great Rift Valley began about 400 years ago. The second stage of Maasai expansion involved the emergence of a central Maasai alliance as well as the expansion and differentiation out of the Central Rift Valley. There are numerous Maasai tribes, and we will be primarily discussing the Arusha and Central Maasai. Environmental AspectsThe Maasai live throughout jointure central Tanzania and southern Kenya. Kenya Maasailand is presently located near the coast in the Narok and Kajiado districts. The territory in 1981 measured approximately 39,476 square kilometers. Details on the s urround in this area are necessary in order to understand the Maasai people who depend upon it for their survival. The region is typical of arid and semi-arid lands. The Maasailand area has an extremely impression center of surface water, and shallow alkaline soils which proves to be a difficult problem for their cattle-raising practices, and the main reason why they have adapted pastoralism rather than agriculture. The amount of rainfall varies greatly (usually less than 500 mm a year) , with occasional violent storms erupting. The location of the rain may be genuinely specific, effecting a very small area without touching a nearby location. The amount of rainfall fluctuates every year and droughts are frequent. The Maasai have adapted to their living co... ...19635. Irons, Eugene The Pauperization of the Maasai in Kenya Africa Today pg. 57-656. KenyaWeb http//www.kenyaweb.com/people/nilotes/nilotes.html7. Saitoti, Tepilit Ole The Worlds of a Maasai Warrior University of Califo rnia Press Berkeley and Los Angeles 19868. Sindiga, Isaac Fertility Control and Population Growth Among the Maasai African Studies Review v.27 (Mar. 84) pp.23-39 19849. Spear, Thomas and Richard Waller Being Maasai Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa James Currey Ltd. London 199310. Spear, Thomas Kenyas Past An Introduction to Historical Method in Africa Longman Group Limited London 198111. Spencer, Paul The Maasai of Matapato A Study of Rituals of Rebellion Indiana University Press Bloomington and Indianapolis 198812. Tigner, Robert L. The Colonial Transformation of Kenya Princeton University Press 1976

Carmen and Gypsy Culture :: essays research papers

The fascination with alienness was more and more prevalent inwardly romantic compositions as there was an increased yearning for far off lands within the composers imagination. Composers of such whole caboodle were not terribly interested in authenticity their primary concern was to create a picturesque atmosphere that would appeal to audiences.(Machlis p.190) Bizet romanticized gypsy culture in his opera and through the fount, Carmen. The libretto gives off ideas in relation to the emerging theme of naturalism, where much focus was given to the working correct and their suffering. Carmen and the other gypsies beginnert have that middle class virtue. But they be seen against the exotic allure of Spain and Bizets medicine invests them with a human dignity. (Machlis192) In much of the art, unison and literature of the 19th century the feminine gypsy, in particular was characterized and stereotyped as free-spirited, strong, deviant, demanding, sexually arousing, alluring and dismissive. This romantic construct of the Gypsy woman whitethorn be viewed as completely resister to the proper, controlled and chaste, submissive woman held as the Victorian, European ideal. These descriptions are likened to the characters of Carmen in contrast to Micaela. Carmen is all about women, especially women with exotic qualities who challenge the traditional morale. The women in Carmen are seen not as passive but as active players in the social game. Carmen forever sings about immunity and love with no limits. The emancipation to travel, the freedom to exist Carmen fights for the right to live.(Feminist endings) The oriental fascination with the forbidden and taboo world of the gypsy other in music is characterized by the spontaneous dance-like cadences, melodies and orchestration. Carmens approximately famous aria, Habanera in which she tells of her conception of love, is a borrowed Cuban dance form, from Havana exhibiting Spanish flounces and likened to the Tango dance style. The three-fold metre slow dance, lined with picturesque dotted rhythms involves a lot of body movement and expression, characteristic of the gypsy. Seguidilla also demonstrates the importance of dance to the gypsy culture, batch in a typical rhythm and sung to a poetic verse form. The combination of guitar-like accompaniment, pizzicato on the strings laced with ornaments and triplets, gives the piece character and cheek, as Carmen taunts Don Jose to fall for her charms. The accelerating gypsy dance opening Act 2 uses dissonances and sliding harmonies, creating that colour and richness typical of the exotic influence.Carmen and Gypsy Culture essays research papersThe fascination with exoticism was more and more prevalent within romantic compositions as there was an increased yearning for far off lands within the composers imagination. Composers of such works were not terribly interested in authenticity their primary concern was to create a picturesque atmosphere t hat would appeal to audiences.(Machlis p.190) Bizet romanticized gypsy culture in his opera and through the character, Carmen. The libretto gives off ideas in relation to the emerging theme of naturalism, where much focus was given to the working class and their suffering. Carmen and the other gypsies dont have that middle class virtue. But they are seen against the exotic allure of Spain and Bizets music invests them with a human dignity. (Machlis192) In much of the art, music and literature of the 19th century the female gypsy, in particular was characterized and stereotyped as free-spirited, strong, deviant, demanding, sexually arousing, alluring and dismissive. This romantic construct of the Gypsy woman may be viewed as completely opposite to the proper, controlled and chaste, submissive woman held as the Victorian, European ideal. These descriptions are likened to the characters of Carmen in contrast to Micaela. Carmen is all about women, especially women with exotic qualities who challenge the traditional morale. The women in Carmen are seen not as passive but as active players in the social game. Carmen forever sings about freedom and love with no limits. The freedom to travel, the freedom to exist Carmen fights for the right to live.(Feminist endings) The oriental fascination with the forbidden and taboo world of the gypsy other in music is characterized by the spontaneous dance-like rhythms, melodies and orchestration. Carmens most famous aria, Habanera in which she tells of her conception of love, is a borrowed Cuban dance form, from Havana exhibiting Spanish flounces and likened to the Tango dance style. The duple metre slow dance, lined with graceful dotted rhythms involves a lot of body movement and expression, characteristic of the gypsy. Seguidilla also demonstrates the importance of dance to the gypsy culture, set in a typical rhythm and sung to a poetic verse form. The combination of guitar-like accompaniment, pizzicato on the strings laced with ornaments and triplets, gives the piece character and cheek, as Carmen taunts Don Jose to fall for her charms. The accelerating gypsy dance opening Act 2 uses dissonances and sliding harmonies, creating that colour and richness typical of the exotic influence.

Analytical Chemistry :: essays research papers

Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry is the branch of chemical science principally concernedwith find let on the chemical composition of solids, which may be solids,liquids, gases, pure elements, compounds, or complex mixtures. In addition,chemical analysis can characterize materials but determining their molecular(a)structures and measuring such physical properties as pH, color, and solubility.Wet analysis involves the studying of substances that have been submerged in asolution and microanalysis uses substances in very elegant amounts.Qualitative chemical analysis is used to detect and identify peerless(prenominal) or moreconstituents of a sample. This process involves a wide variety of tests.Ideally, the tests should be simple, direct, and easily performed with availableinstruments and chemicals. Test results may be an instrument reading, andobservation of a physical property, or a chemical reaction. Reactions used inqualitative analysis may attempt to cause a character istic color, odor,precipitate, or gas appear. Identification of an unknown substance isaccomplished when a known one is found with identical properties. If none isfound, the uknown substance must be a newly identified chemical. Tests shouldnot use up excessive amounts of a material to be identified. Most chemicalmethods of qualitative analysis require a very small amount of the sample.Advance instrumental techniques often use less than one millionth of a gram. Anexample of this is mass spectrometry.Quantitative chemical analysis is used to determine the amounts ofconstituents. Most work in analytical chemistry is quantitative. It is alsothe most difficult. In principle the analysis is simple. One measures theamount of sample. In practice, however, the analysis is often complicated byinterferences among sample constituents and chemical separations argon necessaryto isolate tthe analyte or remove interfering constituents.The choice of method depends on a number of factors Speed, Cost, Accuracy, Convenience, Available equipment, Number of samples, Size of sample,Nature of sample, and judge concentration. Because these factors areinterrelated any final choice of analytical method involves compromises and itis impossible to specify a single best method to carry out a given analysis inall laboratories under all conditions. Since analyses are carried out undersmall amounts one must be wary when dealing with heterogeneous materials.Carefullly designed sampling techniques must be used to obtan representativesamples.Preparing solid samples for analysis usually involves grinding to reduceparticle coat and ensure homogeneity and drying. Solid samples are weighedusing an accurate analytical balance. Liquid or gaseous samples are measureedby volume using accurately calibrated glassware or flowmeters. Many, but notall, analyses are carried out on solutions of the sample. Solid samples thatare insoluble in water must be treated chemically to dissolve them without any

Legal Progression of Marriage in America :: Essays Papers

Legal Progression of Marriage in AmericaAs the British colonies in North America took root, a great part of the sparing growth in colonial society was predicated on the labor of imported African slaves. As the number of slaves increased significantly, especially in the southern colonies, a system of separation of the races was constituted. Since the beginning of the White and opaque coexistence in America, Whites have suppressed the rights of Blacks in order to emphasize their racial superiority and to prohibit mixture between the races. In order to maintain their racial purity, Whites established laws making illegal the marriage of Blacks and Whites. Although anti-miscegenation laws were present in early colonial societies, the legacies have act in the contemporary period. For example, Alabama amended its constitution in 2000 to acknowledge interracial marriages as valid and legal. For over 300 eld, anti-miscegenation laws have remained generally the same, outlawing marriages between people of different races. Overtime, however, definitions of who is Black have drastically changed, reflecting the status of Blacks in society. Anti-miscegenation laws during the era of slavery defined Blacks as having at least unmatchable Black grandparent, or one quarter Black blood. Later, these same laws during the Great Migration of the twentieth century, evolved to define Blacks by the One Drop Rule, a rule stating that one was Black if he or she had at least one Black ancestor. These laws, as represented in this paper and based on the policies of the colony and submit of Virginia, were used to maintain a separation of races and, thus, to preserve the purity of Whites and to guarantee their system of White supremacy.Sent by King James I, The Virginia Company established the first colony in America in 1607 appropriately named Jamestown (History of Jamestown 1). It is generally accepted that the first Blacks were imported to America in 1619, only twelve years after the colony was established. At this point, no specific laws prohibited interracial relations, but societal taboos and religious doctrines were enough to separate Whites and Blacks from sexual contact. Such beliefs were note in the proceedings between the governor and his council within the colony In 1630, a man named Hugh Davis, accused of being sexual involved with a Black, was to be soundly whipped before an assembly of Negroes and others for abusing himself to the dishonor of God and the shame of Christians by defiling his body and lying with a Negro (Hall 602).

Consider the theme of loneliness in Of Mice and Men. How does it Essa

Consider the theme of loneliness in Of Mice and Men. How does itaffect the friendships and relationships in the novel?This novel that was written by John Steinbeck which was shape in the1930s in Salinas Soledad which is in California.The novel consists of many historical factors which have affected thecharacters in this novel and one of them includes the greatdepression Which leads the novels ingestion for the famous writerJohn Steinbeck which he generally ground on his own experience. In thosedays people travelled a lot otherwise to how we travel now.In those days migrant workers travelled extravagant distances lookingfor a job. There ar many different themes in which are basedthroughout the whole book, such as loneliness, happiness, nature,dreams and reality - Which even lead to catastrophe.Many of the people in this novel have very lonely lives mainly becausethey are migrant workers and as we know they dont have time to makeany friends or have any time to spend with their fa milies. There aremany characters that are lonely due to age, sex, and race. Two goodexamples would be Candy because of his age and Crooks because of hisrace.This novel consists of two main characters George and Lennie, who arean anomalous fit of migrant workers that look after each other. Theyare completely the reverse of each other.George is the one who has the communicative face and thinks of all oftheir problems and ideas and tells the other one what to do. organismlike this all of the time, in what ever the story it is, alwayspictures that you would be the small quick one with sharp features.Lennie is the guy that is tall and always does what he is told and hasan ill-defined, solid, a... ... gets treated like a little girl.Curleys wife often dreams about herself becoming an actress. At theend of the novel, her loneliness causes Lennies death.Before Lennies death, Curleys wife and Lennie were talking in thebarn whilst everyone else was playing games. They began talking toeach o ther about each others dreams.They both talked about each others dreams and what they wanted to doin their life. Lennie has a spell of stroking things. He wasstroking Curleys wifes hair, he began to stroke her hair so hard,that he lost control and broke her neck.This has a big impact on George, Lennie and Candys relationship, asCurley wants to kill Lennie. As a result to this, George has to killLennie before he gets killed by Curly.Loneliness will always end in cataclysm and dreams will rarely becomereality. Friendship never ends.

Consider the theme of loneliness in Of Mice and Men. How does it Essa

Consider the theme of l unmatchableliness in Of Mice and Men. How does itaffect the friendships and relationships in the novel?This novel that was written by John Steinbeck which was set in the1930s in Salinas Soledad which is in California.The novel consists of many historical factors which have impact thecharacters in this novel and one of them includes the greatdepression Which leads the novels inspiration for the famous writerJohn Steinbeck which he mainly based on his own experience. In thosedays race travelled a lot differently to how we travel now.In those days migrant workers travelled extravagant distances lookingfor a job. thither are many different themes in which are basedthroughout the whole book, such as loneliness, happiness, nature,dreams and reality - Which even lead to catastrophe.Many of the people in this novel have very lonely lives mainly becausethey are migrant workers and as we know they dont have time to makeany friends or have any time to spend with their families. There aremany characters that are lonely due to climb on, sex, and race. Two goodexamples would be Candy because of his age and Crooks because of hisrace.This novel consists of two main characters George and Lennie, who arean anomalous pair of migrant workers that look after each other. Theyare completely the reverse of each other.George is the one who has the communicative face and thinks of all oftheir problems and ideas and tells the other one what to do. Beinglike this all of the time, in what ever the story it is, alwayspictures that you would be the small apace one with sharp features.Lennie is the guy that is tall and always does what he is told and hasan ill-defined, solid, a... ... gets treated like a little girl.Curleys wife often dreams close to herself becoming an actress. At theend of the novel, her loneliness causes Lennies death.Before Lennies death, Curleys wife and Lennie were talking in thebarn whilst everyone else was playing games. They began talkin g toeach other about each others dreams.They both talked about each others dreams and what they wanted to doin their life. Lennie has a fascination of stroking things. He wasstroking Curleys wifes hair, he began to stroke her hair so hard,that he alienated control and broke her neck.This has a big impact on George, Lennie and Candys relationship, asCurley wants to kill Lennie. As a result to this, George has to killLennie before he gets killed by Curly.Loneliness will always end in tragedy and dreams will rarely becomereality. Friendship never ends.

Police Public Relations vs. Community-Police Relations Essay

Differences Between Police exoteric Relations Programs and Police- association Relations Programs Police- biotic community Relations programs and Police Public Relations programs ar similar in many ways, but not are not identical or interchangeable, tally to Barker, and Hunter in 2011. Police-Community Relations is a philosophical system of police administration, which seeks to involve community and police in ongoing decision making concerning policies which impact both. Police Public Relations programs involve broader and more involved goals than Police-Community relations programs. One purpose of public relations programs is to develop and maintain a productive working environment for police departments to operate within, through making known the public about why officers and departments do what they do, and by enhancing their own public image as primarily community helpers and first responders, worthy of the public watch over and cooperation that is necessary for police ope rations (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Programs strive to influence the following factions the pubic in order to gain support politicians, in order to gain financial support and staff, in order to gain consistency in operations (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Police-Community Relations programs, however, are aimed towards integration of community groups and police organizations into partnerships focused on combating both nefarious and social problems (Barker & Hunter, 2011).These programs determine types of services, implementation of programs, potential problem areas, and problem solving mechanisms (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Activities and processes of Police-Community Relations programs and Police Public Relations programs contrast as well. Police Public Relations program activities are standardized, repetitive, predictable, controllable, routinized, specialized, and agency oriented (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Information flows toward public only. Police-Community Relations programs must be flexi ble, reflexive, adaptable, and community oriented (Barker & Hunter, 2014). Extent of departmental exponentiation varies with both, however, agency breadth is narrow, compartmentalized, and specialized with Police Public Relations programs, and cross divisional with Police-Community Relations programs.The City of Durham Public Relations Office in North Carolina, through a senior public affairs specialist, provides information to citizens about departmental activities , functioning through community relations/special events, media relations, employee/ home(a) communications and marketingcommunications, and offers National Night Out Observance, a Ride Along Program, a Citizens Academy, and external projects, which educate the public and enhance community-police relations, according to the City of Durham website. It meets the definition for a Police Public Relations program, since information flows in one direction, and the program is agency-oriented, specialized, and has events that r epeat annually, according to the following website http//durhamnc.gov/ich/op/DPD/Pages/PRUnit.aspx Charlotte-Mecklenburg Community Relations, according to the Charlotte website, seeks to develop trust and communications between officers and citizens, working closely with Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, utilizing a Police Complaint Review program, which addresses police misconduct and a Police-Community Relations Award program, recognizing 32 citizen groups and officers, who have made significant contributions to police-community relations. It meets the definition for a Police-Community Relations program, since information flows both towards, and from citizens, and the program focuses on the police-community relationship, and is community-oriented.ReferencesBarker, T., Hunter, R.. ( 2011). Police Community Relations and the Administration of Justice, 8th ed, Prentice Hall Saddle River.

Math Checkup Unit

Circle the letter of your answer(s) and explain your choice(s). B. D. The gradient is a. Point-slope form b. Slope- finish form 5. What is the slope off moving in that is perpendicular to pick? Show your work. Answer A stock perpendicular to Hopix would have a slope thats the reciprocal of the slope to Hopix. So the answer is pick. 6. Write the comparison off preeminence passing through (0,6) and parallel to the line pick. Arcticx+6 7.Which of the following tables of values could have been generated by a linear function? How do you know? I-I II 1-5 1-7 1-9 1-11 110 115 circuit board A is a linear function, since it has an even dissemination in both its x and y values. Table B is non a linear function, since it doesnt have an even distribution in its y values. Table C is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. 8. For each table in 7 that could have been generated by a linear function, calculate the slope of the line produced by that func tion. The rise over run formula pick shows the slope of a function table.Table A has a slope of -2. Table C has a slope of O. 9. The cost of hosting a dinner party in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. Xx + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the slope of this function? What does it besotted in the context of the paradox? The slope is 18. 5. It pisseder that each person that attends costs $18. 50. 10. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. Xx + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the y- intercept of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem?The y-intercept is 250. This meaner that you must pay $250 BEFORE you pay for each guests meal. 1 1 . Write the par of the line that is parallel to the x-axis and goes through the 12. Does the point (2,6) lie on the line that connects (IA) and (03)? Explain. The equation for the slope of (1 A) an d (03) is rug+3. Just plug (2,6) into the equation 6=2+3? NO. So, no. (2,6) does not lie in the line that connects (1 A) and (03). 13. Which of the following pairs of lines are perpendicular? How do you know? Perpendicular? A. pick and pick No. Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. B. pick and pick Yes.Their slopes are negative reciprocals. And pick No. Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. C. pick 14. Jeremy uses the linear function G = ah + 50 to represent the grade, G (in points out of 100), that he can earn on an exam as a function of h, the number of hours he spends studying for the exam. A. Identify the slope and y-intercept of Jerseys function and explain what they mean in the context of the problem. The slope is 12 and the y-intercept is 50. This meaner that Jerseys score, if he didnt study, would be 50. However, for every hour he studies, his score will go up 12 points. . If Jeremy spends 3 hours studying for the exam, what grade does he expect to earn? Show your work. Jeremy can expect to earn 86 points on the test if he studies for 3 hours. C. How umpteen hours should Jeremy study if he wants to earn a perfect score on the exam? Show your work. 100= +50 ah h = 4 hours, 10 minutes. up, where p is the price in dollars of the product and D is the number of products that can be sold at that price. A. What does the slope of this function mean in the context of the problem? The slope shows that for each dollar the price increases, two less items will be sold. . What price should be set in order to sell 75 items? Show your work. UP = 25 p = $12. 50 The price should be set as $12. 50 to sell 75 items. 75 = 100 16. Temperature whitethorn be given in degrees Celsius or in degrees Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water is 32(F or O(C. The boiling point of water is 212(F or OHIO(C. A. Write the equation of a line that shows the relationship between degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. B. What is the temperature in Fahrenheit when it is ICC? C. W hat is the temperature in Celsius when it is OFF? 6. 1 Celsius 17.Write at least three different expressions that mean slope. 62. 6 Fahrenheit 18. In order to write the equation off line, what two pieces of information do you need? (Hint there may be more than than one answer to this question. ) You must know both the slope and y-intercept to write the equation of a line. The number of soccer balls produced. A. What is the slope of this equation and what does it represent in the context of the problem? The slope is 7, and that meaner each soccer ball costs $7. B. What is the y-intercept of this equation and what does it represent in the intent of the problem?

Helping Field Essay

Professionals that enter into the dower scene of action as a human service worker, enter into this field for many different reasons. They may enter into this field because they know someone that has a mental illness, they like stand bying people, or they follow in the footsteps of their parents or another family member who is working or has worked in the mental health field. The professionals that choose to enter into the helping field because they like to help people may think of it as an opportunity to help people in at-risk situations, like abuse, homelessness, or even illness. Human service professionals are in a considerable variety of settings, like private, and government social service agencies, which simply to help people cope with their problems, and help them in solving their problems.Professionals that choose to enter into the helping field because they know someone (family member or friend) with a mental illness are more likely to sympathize with their clients and become some diversity of an advocate for those that cannot stand up for themselves. These professionals also may have a little bit more of a passion and or drive to destiny to help other people like whom they know. Professionals that choose to enter into the helping field by following in their parents or other family members footsteps, have comprehend all kinds of stories about what was going on at work and how their parent or family member was able to help their client.Those that follow in the footsteps and those that know someone with a mental illness, are more likely to have more knowledge and insight about the human service profession as well up as a genuine want to help other people be able to live a full and happy life. It takes a legitimate type of person to be a helper. They must have a passion and a drive to be able to help people or care for people, if they want to work in this profession. Most people dont do this type of work for the money they do it because they lik e to help people. There is so much need in the world for human services workers.

Toyota Just in Time

Contents Particulars Page no. 1. 0) Introduction 2. 1) guild History 2. 2) Aim 2. 3) Objectives 2. 4) organic lawal chart 2. 0) Problem ack at one timeledgment 3. ) Quantitative 2. 1. 1) Quality and design occupation 2. 1. 2) Design enigma 2. 1. 3) Welding problem 2. 1. 4) st tout ensembleing problem 2. 2) Quantitative problem 2. 2. ) crossingion problem 2. 2. 2) Recession problem 2. 2. 3) Accelerated problem 3. 0) useable concepts 3. 1) Quality 3. 2) ISO 9000/ISO 14000 3. 3) Just in judgment of conviction 3. ) Lean drudgery 4. 0) Investigation 5. 0) uninflected report 6. 0) conclusion 7. 0) references Summary In the course of Operational focusing and Organization module, this subsidization is closely the Toyota play along, this one of the biggest automobile manufacture society.Here the compose is discussing almost the organization chart, aim of this appointment is that, gauge of operational management that is useful in any business, and objectives argon t o suss out the problem denomination and otherwise operational concepts like forest of the products from Toyota, its Just in period, Lean production policies and the ISO 9000/ISO14000 Certification, investigating the problems via drawing the Fishbone diagram, suspensenaires and analyzing the result with drawing the Pie charts. 1. 0 IntroductionIn this assignment author is discussing about the lineament within the organization area within a case study method. Here author considered as a case study. Toyota Company was founded by sakichi Toyoda with the name Toyoda spinning and weaving limited in 1918. In mid 1950s it was introduced in the international market. Toyota is the largest automobile manufacturers in the innovation. Toyota sold 9 million models in 2006 this achievement is obtained by the companies aim toward the client satisfaction. 1. 1 Company History In 1937 Toyota motor company was established as a spin-off from Toyoda automatic room works.In 1947 Toyota launched its first small car after 3 years at the time of 1950s it faced enormous pecuniary crisis and also it experienced strike from the employees. In 1959 the Company launched first manufactured division in Brazil outside the Japan. (web1 http//www. breakeryard. com/cars/ memorial/TOYOTA. aspx) Toyota shifted their head quarters to Hollywood in the year 1957, after a decade of time Toyota became the new established company in the United States. In the 1965 Toyota won Deming Application simoleons for olfaction control. ( web2 http//www. toyoland. com/ chronicle. tml ) In 1982 Toyota Motor Co. Ltd and Toyota Sales Co. Ltd are merged as Toyota Motor Corporation. 1989 Toyota started their manufacturing operations in Europe as well as in United Kingdom. Today Toyota is ranked worlds third place in the manufacturing of automotives in the sense of unit and net gross sales. ( web3 http//www2. toyota. co. jp/en/history/) 1. 2 Aim In any company success in the operational management and orga nizations quality of products plays a major character reference. The main aim of this assignment in the quality of operational management that is useful in any business.Here author considered Toyota Company as an assignment. 1. 3 Objectives The one of the main objective of the assignment to analyze the operational and organizational problems involved in the strategies that are appropriate to solve these problems and finally that evaluate the outcome of these strategies. In this assignment author discussing about the history of the company, organization chart, problems identification through the quantitative objectives that is machinery problems, qualitative subjective which are involves in the management processes.Next stage of the assignment is that, the way in which quality is applying in the organization, operational areas for the organizations like quality of the products from the Toyoto company, ISO 9000/ISO14000, detailed theory about the just now in time and lean productio ns etc. 2. 0 Problem Identification As the automobile industry Toyota facing many problems to be discussed meanwhile these are the minute problems. These problems are crucial role customer satisfaction on the other hand Toyota Company rectified these problems in time. 2. 1 Quantitative 2. 1. Quality and design problems Oil seepage problem The engine excessive oestrus makes oil susceptible to sludge. Toyota Sienna XLE 2000 model car engine affected by the sludge problem. 2. 1. 2 Design Problem The size of the cooling passages to cylinder heads in the Sienna XLE 2000 model to increase combination temperatures for more of a complete burn to reduce exhaust emissions. Excessive heat makes oil more susceptible to sludge the measurement cylinder head temperatures as high as 260 degrees in sienna XLE 2000 model this is 30 degrees higher than the earlier models. . 1. 3 Welding problem Toyota introduced the redesigned Avalen in 2005, in this vehicle in U-Joint welding problem aroused due(p ) to the fault fitting of catalytic converters. The oil surrey leakage in aroused, for this problem Toyota match with an bags and the steering column on same Avalens. 2. 1. 4 Stalling problems There is a stalling problems are involving in the Toyota corolla and Matrix models. The national highway handicraft safety administration is investigated on 397,000 vehicles. There are some complaints about the mice of the new electronic control module. web http//wheels. blogs. nytimes. com/2009/12/07/stalling-problems-on-toyota-corolla-and-matrixes-leads-to-investigation/) 2. 2 Qualitative Problems Toyota Company solved their problem, creates future planning helps people with doing their works with A3 report. It describes the current situation of the problem, it identifies the desired outcome, and in this process problem solving is very transparent. (web http//www. rallydev. com/agileblog/2009/07/learning-from-toyotas-secret-the-a3-report/) 2. 2. 1 performance problemsIn recent years Toyot a company introduced Prius Hybrid vehicle. The rapid growth and the success of this car in market for this reason Toyota unable to produce the deliveries to the customers in the mean time sales of the other companies have been fall down. 2. 2. 2Recession problem As many of the giant automobile industries Toyota faced the world recession with the abundant fall in the sales as well as company growth. 2. 2. 3 Management failed to detect the acceleration problem The sudden acceleration is in all probability due to the malfunctioning of the gas pedals.The sudden acceleration rose up to five times than the previous years. The Toyota failed to detect this problem in time, on the other hand they didnt took the precautions and attend to to the customers. 3. 0 Operational concepts 3. 1) Quality According to Kodak quality is those products and services that are received to meet or exceed the withdraw and expectations of the customer at a cost that represents outstanding pry. (Harold Kerzn er, P823, 2006). Kodak Five Quality Principle Leadership and customer FocusContinuous Improvement Analytical Approach group work Founder of Toyota Corporation, Kichiro Toyoda said that From now on I want everybody to their efforts together and write in finding a way to make master vehicles. To achieve the total quality, continuous improvement is the best principle. Toyota is following these types of strategies to maintain quality from this type of commitments real benefits peck be obtained with the help of independent customer observes we can conclude that Toyota is following the quality .Euro NCAP awarded five stars in the safety tests. For Toyota quality is not just a promise, it is a way of life. (web http//www. toyotaegypt. com. eg/quality/index. asp ) In production of products, Toyota considering economically and standard quality a key fact which are exceeds the customer needs for customer satisfaction to Toyota allowing Company big quality control, there employees must d o two things they are their own job and quality assurance. (web http//www. toyotauk. om/main/download/pdf/Our%20approach%20to%20quality. pdf) In Toyota, quality can be applying based upon the two principles they are building quality at every stage and continually improving quality standards. Toyota is giving trying to the employees in visual control and indication of current status and identifying the problems, here Toyota employees are very much aware about the leaving of un-quality products to the next stage. (web http//www. toyotauk. com/main/how-we-manufacture/)Toyota maintaining quality by some strategies, they are, it encourages employees to participation of active roles in quality maintenance it is utilizing the ideas of the employees in production processes and participating KAIZEN motivating for measurement. (web http//www. toyotageorgetown. com/qualdex. asp) 3. 2 ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 This section provides the information of ISOs, primarily known as management system st andards. ISO 9000 is the process of quality management this can be awarded to the organization if they fulfill the certain requirements. . Companies must achieve customers quality requirements. 2. They have to follow the regulatory requirements. 3. Companies have to fulfill the customer satisfaction. 4. Organizations have to be continuously improving their quality of products. ISO 14000 is known as Environmental management introduces to get the ISO 14000 certification, Companies must achieve the following activities. 1. They should minimize the environmental pollution by their activities. 2. To achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance. (web http//www. iso. rg/iso/iso_catalogue/management_standards/iso_9000_iso_14000. htm) In 1991, Toyota (GB) achieved compliance with the quality standard BS 5750, which is later became ISO 9001. This is awarded for the fulfilling requirements for quality management System, this company achieved the regularity needs, it fulfills the customer satisfaction and Toyota Company is continuously improving their product performance. In 1999, because of their province towards the environment, Toyota company awarded ISO 14001 certification for fulfilling the requirements for are manufactured ites. In 1999, new health and safety certificate OHSAS 18001 was also launched and Toyota achieved the requirements and it awarded OHSAS 18001. Entropy international is a kind of package solution that improves environmental, social and economic performance, there by contributing to global sustainability. Manager of the corporate compliance, Toyota plc, Richard burgers, said that It was clear that rowing the entropy system was a significant contributory factor in our achieving triple certifications to ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001. web http//www. entropy-international. com/about/customers/by-corporate/documents/Toyota-Case-Study. pdf) 3. 3 Just in time The meaning of just in time is to do the work different things to diffe rent people, it is the operational management approach for minimizing waste in operations, and this can be useful for the improvement of power and product quality, practically just in time is the more than operational, tactical or strategic approach to running an operation. John R. Olson, 1999) The efficiency of Toyota, and other Japanese companies are follows Just in time procedure in addition they associates Toyota Quality Control(TQC) practice, in 1948 Toyota implemented JIT by Ono Taiichi. After fifteen years it spread all over the shops and plants and on words all Japanese implemented this procedure. ( Jane Marceau, 1992)Just in time production is a process, in which Toyota implement to having parts ready just as they are needed, instead of maintaining inventories across an assembly plants and in ware houses, this process is useful in cost savings by less jacket from this company gains an inventory with this system, there is an one more advantage with this method, that is, fro m this company can increase their functionality or in other words, they can reduce cost, due to this they can complete their engineering works very quickly, since there is no need to clear the storage parts and troubles with the individual components can be investigate more quickly because they are using at the time of they made. (http//www. toyoland. com/toyota/production-system. html) 3. 4 Lean production Toyota invented Lean production it is also known as the Toyota work System or TPS).According to lean Enterprise Institute, lean production can be defined as A business for organizing and managing product development, operations, suppliers, and customer relations that requires less human effort, less space, less capital and less time to make products with fever defects to practice customer desires, compared with the previous system. Toyota lean production aim is to products, with the lowest cost, in the short period of time with eliminating the waste. Toyota mainly focuses on the duties and jobs of their workers, who are ready, add value to the cars, TPS is associated with other three foundations, just in time, built in quality and respect towards the employees. According to James Womack and Dan Jones there are five steps to achieve the lean thinking, they are 1) Specify value from the stand point of the end customer. 2) Identification of the value creating steps towards the customer. ) To create the value creating steps towards the customer. 4) Companies have to pull their customers from the next upstream activity. 5) At last following the above procedures companies can achieve the excellence. ( Robert Charlie,2005) 4. 0 Investigation The Questionnaire prepared based on studying the management strategies of the Toyota organization. The quantitative and qualitative problems in the Toyota company are discussed with JIT, ISO, Lean production. Based these problems the author prepared the misgivingnaire related to these topics. The questionnaire as follows 4. 1 Questionnaire 1) Are you satisfied with the management strategies in the Toyota Company? Yes or none ) In your opinion is Toyota stretchiness the customer expectations? a) Completely b) Satisfactory c) Partially d) no3) Qualities of the manufacturing products are reaching the standards of ISO? Yes or no(prenominal) 4) Just in time method is very useful in the process of manufacturing. True or False. 5) In Toyota Lean production system is giving more advantages to the company. Yes or NO. 6) Toyota Company taking more cares about the customer health and safety precautions. Yes or NO. 7) Is recession effecting on the sales of the company products? Yes or No. 8) What are the customer service responses when giving complaints about the products? a) subtile b) Good ) Satisfactory d) Poor 9) Service provided by the local Toyota store is good. Yes or No 10) In sum Toyota company products are reliable and trusted? Yes OR NO. 5. 0 Analysis of results The Author prepared 10 questions for this survey he passed this questionnaire to 15 members in that 8 persons responded. By those results authos analysed their responces and he explained in the form of Pie charts. Question No 1. Are you satisfied with the management strategies in the Toyota Company? Yes or No. This question addresses the management strategies towords the Toyota company development in the form of production quality marketing customer needs.By passing the questionnaires to 8 respondents for the survey in that 6 persons that is 75% said that they are satisfied with the company strategies, 25% of the participents said that they are unsatisfied with the management. Question 2 In your opinion is Toyota reaching the customer expectations? e) Completely f) Satisfactory g) Partially h) No This question addresses the Toyota company total customer satisfaction o the Toyota company. The total respondents for this survey is 8 members in that 6 members that is 75% of the respondents said that they are satisfied wit h Toyota product. 12. 5% respondents said that they are patially satisfied. Question 3 Qualities of the manufacturing products are reaching the standards of ISO? Yes or NO. This question addresses the quality standards of the Toyota company and its ISO certification.Out of the 8 respondents 6 members said that Toyota reched the ISO 9000 quality and 25% of the respondents said no for the ISO standars. Question 4 Just in time method is very useful in the process of manufacturing. True or False. Toyota Company introduced this JIT method all the members in the survey responded positively so the results go out be 100% True. Question 5 In Toyota Lean production system is giving more advantages to the company. Yes or NO. Based on the survey the respondents out of 8 members 7 persons that is 87. 5% are said that lean production giving more advantages to the Toyota company and 12. 5% of respondents are gave their opinion they tiret.Question 6 Toyota Company taking more cares about the cust omer health and safety precautions. Yes or NO. The Toyota Company taking much care about their product in the sense of health and safety this question is also about this topic itself. Out of 8 respondents 5 persons that is 62. 5% persons said that they are fully satisfied with the policies of the Toyota company. 37. 5% of the respondents said that they have some complaints about the Toyota products in the sense of health and safety. Question 7 Is recession effecting on the sales of the company products? Yes or No. Recession is effecting in every field since last 2 years in that manufacturing industry is also one of them.By passing the questionnaire to 8 people in that half of them said that Toyota company suffering from recession. Question 8What are the customer service responses when giving complaints about the products? e) Excellent f) Good g) Satisfactory h) Poor For any company success customer care plays a major role here author tried to investigate the responces given by the p articipants towards the customer service in Toyota company. In that 62. 5 % said that customer service centre is working excellent and 37. 5% of the respondents feel good, satisfactory and poor as equally. Question 9 Service provided by the local Toyota store is good. Yes or NoLocal store service plays a crucial role in the product marketing and they are the key role in the company bricks. Here author tried to know the local store service and their working ability with customers and vehicles. Out of the 8 members 62. 5% people feel that local store service is good and 37. 5% said no. Question No 10 sum Toyoto company products are reliable and trusted? Yes OR NO. Toyota is the most trusted company all over the world on the other hand minute problems with the products in the company are negative factors for the management. Here75% the people responded towards the Toyota they feel good. 6. 0 Conclusions To conclude that Toyota organization is not essential in a day or a year.Years of smart and hard work of the many people in the organization with the variety of strategies they are now on the heights. Through this work I have learned the organizations building structure, problems faced by the organization, and importance of the quality in an organization. The organizational strategies importance and the problem solving through the techniques and strategies like JIT( Just In Time) Lean production, the importance of the ISO certification in a organizations in the quality concern. To improve the product quality, efficiency and high content of the product with less time and low cost to get these things with JIT process.By preparing the questionnaire I have learned more things like how the problems occurred in the organizations, the identification of the problems, the problems varieties like quantitative and qualitative and problem solving. The main thing I have learned from this work the problems solving in an organization with the strategies. Recommendations As an o rganization Toyota thinking one step ahead than the other companies on the other hand the defects and some draw backs in the engines as well as excogitation to be improved. The crucial part of the organization is the customer satisfaction. The minute complaints should be considered and taking care of that particular problem. References ) Schniederjans,. John R. Olson(1999) Advanced topics in Just in time. 2) Robert C (2005) Improving health care using Toyota lean production method. 3) Jane Marcean (1992) Reworking the world oganisations, technologies and cultures in competitive perspectives. 4) Harold Kerzer (2006) Project management A system to planning, computer programing and controlling 5) Available at http//www. toyotauk. com/main/download/pdf/Our%20approach%20to%20quality. pdf accessed on 09-01-10 6) Available at http//www. entropy-international. com/about/customers/by-corporate/documents/Toyota-Case-Study. pdf accessed on 07-01-10 7) Available at http//www2. toyota. co. p/e n/history/ accessed on 06-01-10 8) Available at http//www. iso. org/iso/iso_catalogue/management_standards/iso_9000_iso_14000. htm 9) Available at http//www. toyoland. com/history. html accessed on 07-01-10 10) Available at http//www. breakeryard. com/cars/history/TOYOTA. aspx accessed on 10-01-10 11) Available at http//www. toyotageorgetown. com/qualdex. asp accessed on 10-01-10 12) Available at http//www. toyotaegypt. com. eg/quality/index. asp accessed on 07-01-10 13) Available at http//www. strategosinc. com/just_in_time. htm accessed on 08-01-10 14) Available at http//www. toyoland. com/toyota/production-system. html accessed

Certainty vs Doubt Essay Essay

The argument between certainty and distrust is highly controversial. Despite the side that people perplex accustomed themselves to, there are still pros and cons to both. A persons suspect can easily distract them from reaching their full potential, while it can also aide in making a much realistic and achievable decision because with doubt they are able to question their abilities and eliminate the options that arent as feasible. Whereas certainty can misguide mortal into the delusion of striking powers, it can also assist them in attaining a massive success because they are giving themselves the option of fathoming an idea so great that initiates a surge of passion that tells them they can achieve such greatness. Despite the seemingly equivalent pros and cons between doubt and certainty, certainty is definitely the best prospect to have when trying to find triumph in ones life. Isaiah Stock, an APLAC student at University of North Carolina, said, Think of certainty and doubt as move of an automobile. Certainty is considered to be the accelerator, while doubt is the steering wheel.You can get nowhere without driving certaintybut without steering through the impediments in your personal manner doubt, you will surely crash and burn. Again, emphasizing the crucial balance between doubt and certainty, this metaphor is an almost acceptable depiction of how they work in concert because yes, without certainty one is likely not going to get very far in life and without doubt an individual is likely to fail. This metaphor is true in all its parts, but it is missing one important aspect and that is that failure is not the end and can whole help to guide soul to make better fitted decisions. So with that in view, having the mindset of certainty is clearly a more efficient way of finding success.One could say that having doubt is a part of human nature, that from birth we are curios and that to question anything and everything that we want to know more about i s perfectly acceptable (Christen, Nicole Certainty vs Doubt). This is only partly true due to the fact that just because doubt is part of human nature, it does not mean that it is not controllable or that it is, in a sense, the best choice between certainty and doubt because all that this idea supportsis how we as humans have to make decisions. It does not support the idea that having doubt is a better way to live ones life than having certainty.In conclusion, despite the contradictive and also supportive qualities that both doubt and certainty have when compared to one another, believing that one can reach for something that will likely be more challenging to grasp is and will always be more gratifying in the end, even if the individual fails because it releases growth in decision making skills and ones knowledge of their maximum abilities. Doubt does not allow an individual to reach their untapped potential because they do not find it feasibly possible and thus never attempt to s ee if may just be.

Brainwashing in America

Television, religion, school system, politics, child rearing. Advertisement and media President Bush on October 7, 2002 at Cincinnati M social functionum Center Cincinnati Union Terminal, Cincinnati, Ohio, The panic comes from Iraq. It arises directly from the Iraqi regimes take actions its history of aggression, and its drive toward an arsenal of terror (WHPR1, 2002). Months before on February 13, 2002 during a Press Conference with President Musharraf of Pakistan, Mr. Bush say And I think that statement was clear enough for Iraq to hear me.And I will reserve whatever options I fetch, Ill keep them close to my vest. President or Saddam Hussein needs to understand Im solemn nearly defending our country (WHPR2, 2002). And During his speech at the Virginia Military Institute on April 17, 2002, Mr. Bush make these claims And, finally, the civilized world faces a grave threat from weapons of mass destruction. A small number of outlaw regimes today possess and are developing ch emic and biological and nuclear weapons. Theyre building missiles to deliver them, and at the same time cultivating ties to terrorist groups.In their threat to peace, in their mad ambitions, in their destructive potential and in the repression of their bear people, these regimes constitute an axis of evil and the world must confront them (WHPR3, 2002). With all these statements made in the presence of media persons and the way it had been made that a major articulation of America and the world really believed that Saddam Hussein and the Iraq is the real threat to the civilized society. Despite the presence of law which prohibits the Bush administration from disseminating government propaganda at home. entirely in an age of global communications, at that place is nonentity to stop it from planting a phony pro-war story overseas knowing with certainty that it will perish American citizens almost instantly. This is the power of media and especially electronic media. It has the ca pability to make any one believe in what it wants to convey. The beautiful impertinentlysreader on a TV channel giving us the news. After that the news analysis program is aired. The program brings a battery of analysts to our bedrooms, drawing rooms or shops.These serious looking intelligent faces sitting in front of camera with a list of burning issues are giving their view on the issues. Their facial cheek and smartness over words, language and the contents can make anyone feel ill informed. This makes us glued to the television screen. And once the program gets finished we have an unusual feeling that now we have gained great information on issues about which we were quiet ignorant few minutes or hours before. A wholeness program made some change in our self and our personal database of information.This is the actual effect of one of the most popular form of media called the electronic media. still the point of concern is not its power or ability of influencing human psyche . The actual issue which has been raised this time is the way it makes an impact on our world views. The authenticity of the content which is aired is now being discussed. The focus is shifting towards the way it influences religion, culture and social belief. After all the US govt. , with all its endeavors didnt found a single weapon of mass destruction.The Saddam Husseins regime in Iraq was defeated by the combined US and UK army. But the main issue that led to the war was the weapons of mass destruction which Saddam Hussein regime was allegedly possessing, was nowhere present. This means what the US govt. and its allies were singing the whole world was actually a farce. It was nothing more than a propaganda war against a nation which was adamant to pursue those policies which were not influenced by US. Things mentioned above are some of the many effects caused through electronic media.Moving on to its actual definition, electronic media are those communications mediums which a re based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide let in radio, sound recordings, television, video recording, and streaming internet content. And this electric communication technology goes further than any of the previous products of mans skill. Earlier technologies extended the power of mans limbs, and with the invention of writing, mans retrospection in a sense could be placed outside of himself.Present communication technologies supplant mans external senses, and more recently, the internal senses of imagination and the most important, the central or common sense, which brings the various data of the external senses together into a cohesive unity (McDonald). The world of information, however conceived, may appear to exist in its own right by means of electronics, and the human user becomes a mere participant in that world. Lets take the ca se of a farmer in South Western America. He was very happy with the money he was earning and was comfortably taking care of his family.The main worry for that man was nothing but the stem rust disease which causes great loss in wheat farming. But when he comes under the influence of electronic media, he sees that the mark is not as good as it appears and his problem is actually not a problem. The actual problem the country is facing is that of possible terrorist attacks and its war on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq. The news of slowdown in world economy and the rising of Asian economy giants like India and China and the job outsourcing makes the same guy more frightened.He feels threatened. And this perceived threat results in a physical reaction as much as actual physical injury. The same person in a large crowd sees perhaps twenty people around him, but a camera above the crowd reveals a crowd dark to human imagination. The widespread anxiety among people in the first world ab out there being too many people is an effect of them beholding thousands of faces on television, whereas someone may walk for hours on the streets of the suburbs without seeing a single person (McDonald).The reality is that the information beaming capability of the electronic media upsets regular community and family relations based on physical contact and proximity, leading to an ersatz community where people have the illusion of being angels. People in their relations are reduced to being pieces of disembodied information without context or substance. The level of sensation present in our lives affects our intellectual judgment. Its not only that individuals re getting affected but whole social order is getting influenced by this stream of information supplied continuously through electronic media.If we talk about law and justice, information acts as lifeblood to it and media of communication are the veins and arteries that move the information through the system. And the same u sually works not by exercise of force but by information transfer, by communication of whats expected, what forbidden, and what allowable, what are the consequences of acting in certain ways (Katsh, 1999). That is, law entails information about what the rules are, how they are applied, with what costs, consequences, etc.The changes in the means used to communicate information are important to law because law has come to rely upon the transmission of information in a particular form. The effectiveness and operation of law depends on controlling approaching to some information and highlighting or directing attention to early(a) information. The electronic media are not to be considered merely as more powerful versions of print. They have different mechanisms for transmitting and processing information, some of which will obligate the law to change course and become a different and not simply a more efficient institution (Katsh, 1999).Its not only the grownups who are actually getti ng influenced but also children as young as five years old. According to report, it has been found that there has been an explosion in recent years in electronic media marketed directly at the very youngest children in our society A booming market of videotapes and DVDs aimed at infants one to 18 months, the launching of the first TV show specifically targeting children as young as 12 months, and a multi-million dollar industry selling computer games and plane special keyboard toppers for children as young as nine months old.Their homes are packed with media options, including TVs, computers, DVD players and video game consoles. Nearly all children (99%) live in a home with a TV set, half (50%) have threesome or more TVs, and one-third (36%) have a TV in their bedroom. Nearly three out of four (73%) have a computer at home, and about half (49%) have a video game player. In some ways, new media is trumping old nearly twice as many children in this age group live in a home with Inte rnet access (63%) as with a newspaper subscription (34%).Nearly all of them (97%) have productsclothes, toys, and the likebased on characters from TV shows or movies (Rideout, 2003). But the point of concern is that this rapid changes in our media environment have not been accompanied by a similar growth in our knowledge of how new media may impact childrens cognitive, social, delirious or physical development. These issues are of deep concern not only to parents, but also to educators, health providers, policymakers and advocates.Many experts have argued that it is especially critical to understand media use by the youngest children, noting that because social and intellectual development are more malleable in these early years, media use at this age could have an especially strong impact. According to Valdemar W. Setzer (1993), some children addicted to electronic games spoke too fast with limited sense, feeling or contents in their speech. This suggests that those children spok e with a reanimate compared to the use they make of their fingers when playing the games.There is a correlation between speaking and gesturing, which may be explained by the close proximity of the motor and speech neurological centers in the brain. The fact that children do not have the fully developed, active thinking and consciousness characteristic of adults means they dont have to make any effort to switch off these inner activities when playing electronic games and are not sidetracked by outside influences that can act as a buffer to overdevelopment of or addiction to an undesirable trait.Finally, we can say that though our ability to gather information is enhanced by technology, we are placed under greater stress, and to hold equilibrium we must find strategies to cope with it. One strategy is to withdraw from the flood of information and go for selected and conscious input. It is one of the ways but there is a need of finding more. References The washrag House Press Releas e, http//www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8. html The White House Press Release, http//www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020213-3. html The White House Press Release, http//www. whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020417-1. html McDonald, H. Asceticism and the Electronic Media Technophilia and Technophobia in the Perspective of Christian Philosophy, www. rcp. net. pe/IAL/vm/bec/etexts/macdoeng. htm, 3. Katsh, E. (1989). The Electronic Media and the Transformation of Law, Oxford University Press. Rideout, V. J. & Vandewater, E. A. & Wartella, E. A. (2003). Zero to Six Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers. , A Kaiser Family Foundation Report. Setzer, V. W. & Duckett, G. E. (1993). The Risks to Children Using Electronic Games, http//www. ime. usp. br/vwsetzer/video-g-risks. html

Data Preprocessing Essay

Data Preprocessing 3 Todays real-world entropybases be highly susceptible to noisy, missing, and inconsistent data due to their typically huge size of it (often several gigabytes or more) and their likely origin from five-fold, heterogenous sources. Low-quality data will lead to low-quality mining results. How tush the data be preprocessed in order to jockstrap improve the quality of the data and, consequently, of the mining results? How can the data be preprocessed so as to improve the ef? ciency and ease of the mining process? There are several data preprocessing techniques.Data cleaning can be applied to remove noise and be inconsistencies in data. Data integration merges data from multiple sources into a coherent data store such as a data warehouse. Data reduction can reduce data size by, for instance, aggregating, eliminating pleonastic features, or clustering. Data transformations (e. g. , normalization) may be applied, where data are scaled to fall within a smaller ra nge like 0. 0 to 1. 0. This can improve the accuracy and ef? ciency of mining algorithms involving distance measurements. These techniques are not mutually exclusive they may work together.For example, data cleaning can involve transformations to correct wrong data, such as by transforming all entries for a date ? eld to a common format. In Chapter 2, we learned about the different depute types and how to use basic statistical descriptions to study data characteristics. These can help identify erroneous values and outliers, which will be useful in the data cleaning and integration steps. Data processing techniques, when applied before mining, can substantially improve the overall quality of the patterns mined and/or the time infallible for the actual mining.

Master of Business Administration Essay

Pricing insurance refers to the policy of setting the harm of the harvest-feast or products and services by the management after taking into account of various internal and external factors, forces and its avow furrow fair games. Pricing constitution basically depends on price theory that is the corner stone of scotch theory. Pricing is considered as one of the basic and central problems of economic theory in a neo economy. Fixing prices ar the most crucial aspect of managerial decision making because commercialize price charged by the company affects the present and future occupation plans, pattern of distribution, nature of merchandiseing etc.Generally speaking, in economic theory, we take into account of solitary(prenominal) two parties, i. e. , buyers and sellers while fixing the prices. However, in practice many parties are associated with determine of a product. They are rival competitors, potential rivals, middlemen, wholesalers, retailers, commission agents a nd to a higher(prenominal) place all the Govt. Hence, we should give due consideration to the influence exerted by these parties in the process of price determination. broadly speaking speaking, the various factors and forces that affect the price are divided into two categories.They are as follows I away Factors (Outside factors) 1. Demand, supply and their determinants. 2. Elasticity of demand and supply. 3. Degree of competition in the market. 4. Size of the market. 5. Good will, name, fame and reputation of a starchy in the market. 6. Trends in the market. 7. Purchasing power of the buyers. 8. Bargaining power of customers 9. Buyers behavior in compliancy of position product II. Internal Factors (Inside Factors) 1. Objectives of the firm. 2. Production Costs. 3. Quality of the product and its characteristics. 4. Scale of production. 5.Efficient management of resources. 6. policy towards percentage of benefits and dividend distribution. 7. Advertising and sales promotion policies. 8. Wage policy and sales turn oer policy etc. 9. The stages of the product on the product life cycle. 10. Use pattern of the product. Objectives of the Price Policy A firm has multiple objectives today. In spite of several objectives, the ultimate aim of every business concern is to maximize its profits. This is possible when the returns exceed bells. In this context, setting an ideal price for a product assumes greater importance.Pricing objectives has to be established by top management to ensure not only that the companys profitability is adequate but to a fault that price is complementary to the total schema of the organization. While formulating the pricing policy, a firm has to consider various economic, social, political and new(prenominal) factors. The Following objectives are to be considered while fixing the prices of the product. 1. Profit maximization in the perfectly term The primary objective of the firm is to maximize its profits. Pricing policy as an in strument to achieve this objective should be theorize in much(prenominal) a way as to maximize the sales revenue and profit.Maximum profit refers to the highest possible of profit. In the short expand, a firm not only should be able to obtain its total costs, but also should get excess revenue oer costs. This will build the team spirit of the firm and instill the spirit of confidence in its operations. 2. Profit optimization in the grand run The traditional profit maximization hypothesis whitethorn not prove beneficial in the long run. With the sole motive of profit making a firm may resort to several kinds of wrong practices like charging exorbitant prices, follow Monopoly Trade Practices (MTP), Restrictive Trade Practices (RTP) and Unfair Trade Practices (UTP) etc.This may lead to opposition from the people. In order to over- come these evils, a firm instead of profit maximization, and aims at profit optimization. Optimum profit refers to the most ideal or desirable level o f profit. Hence, earning the most conceivable or optimum profit has ferment a part and parcel of a sound pricing policy of a firm in recent years. 3. Price Stabilization Price stabilization over a period of time is another objective. The prices as far as possible should not move too often. Price instability creates uncertain atmosphere in business circles.Sales plan becomes rough under such circumstances. Hence, price stability is one of the pre requisite conditions for steady and persistent growth of a firm. A stable price policy only tooshie win the confidence of customers and may correspond to the good will of the concern. It builds up the reputation and image of the firm. 4. Facing competitive situation One of the objectives of the pricing policy is to face the competitive situations in the market. In many cases, this policy has been merely influenced by the market share psychology.Wherever companies are aware of specific competitive products, they try to match the prices of their products with those of their rivals to expand the stack of their business. Most of the firms are not merely interested in meeting competition but are keen to prevent it. Hence, a firm is always busy with its counter business strategy. 5. Maintenance of market share Market share refers to the share of a firms sales of a particular product in the total sales of all firms in the market. The economic strength and success of a firm is measured in terms of its market share.In a competitive world, each firm makes a successful attempt to expand its market share. If it is impossible, it has to maintain its existing market share. Any come experience in market share is a symptom of the poor performance of a firm. Hence, the pricing policy has to assist a firm to maintain its market share at any cost. Ques2. Explain the of the essence(predicate) features of long run AC roll. Ans Long run AC warps Long run is specify as a period of time where adjustments to changed conditions are complete. It is actually a period during which the quantities of all factors, inconsistent as well as frozen(p) factors can be adjusted.Hence, there are no fixed costs in the long run. In the short run, a firm has to carry on its production within the existing prove capacity, but in the long run it is not tied up to a particular shew capacity. If demand for the product increases, it can expand output by enlarging its plant capacity. It can construct new buildings or hire them, install new machines, employ administrative and other permanent supply. It can make use of the existing as well as new staff in the most efficient way and there is lot of scope for making indivisible factors to become divisible factors.On the other hand, if demand for the product declines, a firm can cut down its production permanently. The size of the plant can also be reduced and other expenditure can be minimized. Hence, production cost comes down to a greater extent in the long run. As all costs are variable in the long run, the total of these costs is total cost of production. Hence, the distinction between fixed and variables costs in the total cost of production will evaporate in the long run. In the long run only the average total cost is important and considered in taking long term output decisions. Important features of long run AC shorten 1.Tangent bow Different SAC persuades represent different operational capacities of different plants in the short run. LAC curve is locus of all these points of tangency. The SAC curve can never cut a LAC curve though they are tangential to each other. This implies that for any given level of output, no SAC curve can ever be below the LAC curve. Hence, SAC cannot be lower than the LAC in the ling run. Thus, LAC curve is tangential to various SAC curves. 2. Envelope curve It is known as Envelope curve because it envelopes a group of SAC curves appropriate to different levels of output. 3. Flatter Unshaped or dish-shaped curve.The LAC curve is also U shaped or dish shaped cost curve. But It is less pronounced and ofttimes flatter in nature. LAC gradually falls and rises due to economies and diseconomies of scale. 4. grooming curve. The LAC cure is described as the Planning Curve of the firm because it represents the least(prenominal) cost of producing each possible level of output. This helps in producing optimum level of output at the minimum LAC. This is possible when the entrepreneur is granting the optimum scale plant. Optimum scale plant is that size where the minimum point of SAC is tangent to the minimum point of LAC. . Minimum point of LAC curve should be always lower than the minimum point of SAC curve. This is because LAC can never be higher than SAC or SAC can never be lower than LAC. The LAC curve will get through the optimum plant SAC curve at its minimum point. A rational entrepreneur would select the optimum scale plant. Optimum scale plant is that size at which SAC is tangent to LAC, such th at both the curves have the minimum point of tangency. In the diagram, OM2 is regarded as the optimum scale of output, as it has the least per unit cost. At OM2 output LAC = SAC.

Democracy vs. Dictatorship Essay

There are basically twain types of establishment, Democracy and Dictatorship. Democracy is a majority ruled organization. The origin democracy government formed in 400 B.C. in Athens. There are three kinds Direct democracy where people directly voter turnout in decision indirect democracy where people elect representative to make decisions, such as our Congress and Elite democracy where the plentiful make decision. A dictatorship is government ruled by the a few(prenominal) over the many. There are different kinds, such as Communism which meet basic needs of all people Monarchy where ruled by birth right Oligarchy where ruled by the few military and Fascism which is the system of government in Italy. These two types of government are totally opposite of to each one other and they both submit their advantages and disadvantages.In a democracy, people are free and they have their gracious right. Such as in the United States, we have the bill of right, the first ten amendments. We have freedom to speech have the right to vote for our government. We also have written rule to limit our government that no one is above the law. Therefore everybody have equal opportunity to success. Moreover, democracy trend to have peaceful power transaction, such as our President we voted for it every four years. However, there are also disadvantages in democracy. Discussion making is slow in democracy since it has to be voted on and pass finished many steps. It also has weaker military during peacetime. In addition, since people have more freedom and the government not strict as dictatorship, it usually has higher iniquity rate and has a wider disparity between rich and poor.In dictatorship, government got their power from the military, therefore they have a stronger military and have lower crime rate. Moreover, since the government has the power to make decision, it has quicker act on decision-making. Dictatorship government potential to tolerate for the basic standar d of living for everybody, but only China and Cube does a good job. The weakness for dictatorship is people have no personal freedom. The government makes all the rules and they can change it as they want anytime. Beside the basic need, government not responsive for other people. And because of the strong control government, a dope of corrupt going on, people have neither opportunity nor fair justice. And when time comes to change ofgovernment, it tends to be violent and bloody because they allow for never give up their power in the government, therefore it will come to revolution.Democracy and dictatorship both have their advantages and disadvantages. We still can find these two types of government throughout the world. Even though nowadays, many countries worldwide are more trends towards to the democracy such as country in Latin America and Earthen Europe. Weather you like it or not, are your alternative if you want your freedom in democracy or if you want much easier to be a repress in dictatorship.

Indian Monsoon Essay

phone the Famine 1975 (?) A bestseller by William and Paul Paddock which had created ripples throughout the world by their comments on the at a lower placedeveloped countries specially India. Their message was loud and clear Let the (hopeless) Indians starve to death. Humiliated by the inefficiency due to deficiency of advanced technology and inability to be self- myrmecophilous to feed the population drastic changes were enforced by therefore policy makers of Democratic Republican of India. Mr Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan led the crusade to make India self-sufficient by spreading the yard novelty throughout India. Since then India has never looked back despite weak monsoons frequently.Impact of green revolution So what led to the doomsday being averted? The modern practices in cultivation were implemented with newer technology. But the crook point was the introduction of high yielding variety of seeds which made the dependence on monsoon much less. The genetically modi fied seeds increased Indias deed from 120 tonnes to 170 tonnes in a span of yet one year. India also invested in agricultural universities to promote research in drought resistant seeds. let down reforms in that era resulted in the consolidation of small holdings which resulted in implementation of technology optimally. MS Swaminathan was slavish in spreading the awareness rapidly regarding the ill effects of fertilizers and pesticides which eroded the quality of soil. New policies were implemented to make the credit supply for farmers easy and convenient.The cumulative effects of all these changes made sure India would non cast to be completely dependent on monsoons in future. Initially the diet molecule mathematical product did increase with the implementation of green revolution but after ten years it reached its saturation. The food grain available per person reached its peak at 480 gms per person. The consumption of protein rich foods which were non dependent on agri culture increased simultaneously with growth of Indias economy. Although the penetration of superior foods among the lower strata of population was still unimportant but the consumption among the higher end of the society increased considerably.Implementation of PDS The game changer yet was the improved public distribution system. Monsoon in India is peculiar in the sense that the rainfall may be wanting(p) in some areas whereas abundant in other. So the production also follows the same contour being under target in the monsoon deficient areas whereas bumper production in the abundant monsoon areas. But the mockery was that he food grain in the bumper production region were left to rot despite of the state starving in other regions. The rapid development of roads led to a better connectivity which ensures that the food grain fruit can be equitably distributed across India. So even if the monsoon being deficient in some areas the excessive output from other regions could be sen t across to compensate or the low production.Improved irrigation The dependence of agriculture on monsoon has declined over the years. Compared to 1965, when 67% of the agriculture was dependent on monsoon, only 40 % of the agriculture is dependent on rainfall today. The irrigation earlier was due to canals which were indirectly dependent on rainfall but now the irrigation is mostly by tube wells which are not dependent on monsoons. So a decline in monsoon wont affect the production output drastically. India traditionally produces two crops, kharif and rabi. Kharif crops are cultivated in the monsoons and rabi crops are cultivated in the winters. So kharif crops are dependent on, whereas rabi crops are unaffected by, monsoons. Earlier the kharif crops accounted for three fourths of the total output but in the contemporary scenario the output of kharif and rabi crops are almost equal. So a deficient monsoon may change the output of kharif crops slightly but the rabi output wont be af fected.Inflation rendered ineffective Weak monsoon leave fuel inflation due to the supply and demand mismatch. The increase in level of prices will have some effect on other commodities as well. Having said that, as per the the PDS scheme the population under the BPL gets 35 kg of food grain every month. So the poor wont be affected much by increase in the food inflationEffect on gross domestic product Indias agriculture contributed to around 52% of the total gross domestic product in 1950. The investments in the manufacturing sector as well as the rise of Indian services sector led to decrease in the divide of the agriculture in Indias GDP. Presently agriculture contributes only 14% to the GDP. So even if the production decreases due to weak monsoon its effect on the GDP will be negligible. Even 7% toss out in the output, though very unlikely would decrease the GDP by only 1 %.Forex adequateness Earlier India received foodgrains on charity primarily from USA, Australia and Can ada. But dependencies have been worked upon. Scenarios have been mitigated. Today, India has $300 trillion as foreign reserves and has earned enough forex reserves to buy food grains in generation of emergency. The current reserves of the food grain stands at 80 million tonnes, so a role of import is highly improbable.These all contribute as the major reasons which have ceased Indian-draughts & fickle monsoon conditions from being calamities anymore. Foodgrain accessibility remains as low as in the 1960s, despite the green revolution. But rapid GDP growth, by hugely boosting the share of services and industry in GDP, has made agriculture a intercourse pygmy, greatly reducing the economys monsoon dependence. Yet when everything is said and read, things arent as rosy as we have depicted above. There remains a catch a drought may no longer mean mass starvation, but it still means food inflation

Evolution Psychology Essay

For many age, personality psychology and behavior studies digest always viewed individuals as happen indisposed or risk seekers. However, recent studies in the field of developing psychology are changing these convectional assessments of individuals risk taking. There is evidence that risk taking in individuals is landed estate specialized. This understanding of valetkind behaviors has brought about a better understanding of the inter individual and intra individual variations in the risk taking tendencies.The basic arguments of evolution psychology are that the human brain has the ability to oblige in order to solve the recurrent problems and cannot be as static as a computer. The domain of a function in the adaptation of the mind in this case is the problems, challenges or pressures heartd by the individual. The psychological adaptations of human being to the recurrent problems discombobulate been compared to the physiological evolution when an adaptation occurs to solve challenges in a precise domain. Consequently, psychological evolution is domain specific.Recent studies have therefore indicated that risks and challenges that individuals are exposed to results into development of psychogenic algorithms that provide a solution to the risks related to the domain (Kruger, 2007). Human beings have faced various problems and challenges in the history or evolution. These challenges are reflected by the risk taking domain. There are several domains that have been studies in evolution psychology. One of the most important domains is congregation emulation.The human race was able to bump dominance in the universe ecosystem at some during the history of evolution. For many ages, the human race has been contrary to itself with humans rising against other humans. It is believed that the most significant selection pressure that ever existed was competition in the midst of groups. These competitions are evident in the modern world for example in busine ss, sports, politics, gang violence, ethic and racial hostility and uprisings betwixt communities and nations.Moreover, the competition is promoted by cooperation between groups (Kruger, 2007). Competition indoors a certain group is besides an important domain in the study of evolution psychology. Competition within the group is aimed at promoting an individuals position in the group rather than eliminating a possible threat. However, psychical threat and the resultant competition are in any case evident within a group. It is also important to note that competition within a group is much complex and therefore very significant in psychological evolution.This is because it involves two physical and kind infighting and competition. In many societies, the fight for higher status in the society is more relevant to the manfuls that females although the competition is evident in both sexes. The relevance of social status to the males has been as a result of cultural values and tr ades union patterns that are evident in all societies. For example, mating victor in males is a function of the individuals social status since females seek males of high social status and they can use their resources to pressurize other males.For this reason, throughout history, social status has always dictated access to mates, mating success and reproductive success in males. Moreover, the economic and social competitiveness of male in the society has been compared to a survival and reproductive advantage presented by peacocks hind end in the Darwin theory of evolution (Kruger, 2007). Sociosexuality or the perception of a sexual relationship requirement varies from cardinal individual to another.Some individuals have unrestricted sociosexuality and have a perception that mating efforts requires more resources sacrificing enate efforts. Consequently, the success of matting in males increases with increase in number of mates provided that reproduction is not curb. On the othe r hand, female mating success does not increase with the increase in the number of mating partners. However, extra pair mating relationships has been associated with many risks much(prenominal) as desertion of the mate and transmission of infections. They could also lead to violence and hatred between jealous partners.Other that the social and resource assignation challenges that face an individual, there are environmental risks and challenges that are significant in psychological evolution. Studies carried out over the years have indicated that forage strategies that have been evident throughout the history have been an important aspect of human survival (Kruger, 2007). In a research carried out by Kruger et al (2007), student from two universities, university of sec Dakota and University of Michigan, reacted to questioners posted online.They were requested to rate thirty risky behaviors and the tendencies in which they would involve themselves in these risky behaviors. In anoth er survey conducted at the University of Michigan, students from diverse ethnic backgrounds completed the same online questioners for partial fulfillment of an faculty member course in the university. From the two surveys, the results were consistent with the earlier theoretical predictions. The risk taking domains were a puddle reflection of the recurrent social and environmental challenges that faced the individuals.Kruger et al (2007) were able to generate behavior trends that matched the specific domains in the modern society. They were also successful in distinguishing between significant domains in the society such as within group and between group competitions. However, it was confirmed that between groups competition was not limited in scope as for the case of ancient competition, while competition within the group was discover to be even more complex.Moreover, the fertility risks which are induced by behaviors were found to be humble than expected or observed in other s imilar studies. The linkage between fertility risks and other specific domains was observed to be generally lower except in its linkage with mating behaviors and allocation of social and economic resources. The study concluded that that people who have more risk taking behaviors in specific domain do not show similar trends in other domains.The high tendencies of risk taking in males compared to females with exceptional cases in environmental risks were also confirmed to be consistent with the literature. It was also concluded that men benefit more from risky behaviors when compared to females. Moreover, there are some riskier behaviors that are more likely to be observed in females than in males such as risking ones life to save a child because of the limited opportunities of getting another offspring in the future and the psychological investment located on the child by the mother.This modern approach of development psychology and the current risk subdue is an important step in the validation of evolution based psychological assessments of behaviors. The study of the relationship between risk taking behaviors in different individuals in the society and the survival and reproduction challenges faced by individuals is important. Reference Kruger, D. J. , Wang, X. T. & Wilker, A. (2007). Towards the development of an evolutionarily valid domain-specific risk-taking scale. Evolutionary Psychology, 5(3) pp 555-568

Minor Disorders in Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a sentence when a womans body will go through numerous adaptations in fiat to accommodate the foetus. During these physiological adaptations, the organs such(pre noneinal) as spleen and liver and systems such as the ductless gland and circulatory systems will be affected. A woman go off experience nestling disorders that are approximately likely the result of hormonal changes on the smooth muscle and connective tissues. This paper endeavours to describe approximately of the minor disorders in nonplusliness in particular, heartburn (reflux oesophagitis), disablement, haemorrhoids, dermatoses and epistaxis.The major physiological reason for heartburn (reflux oesophagitis) in pregnancy is due to the relaxation of the LES(lower esophageal sphincter) and the decreased tone and mobility of the smooth muscles, which is caused from increased progesterone. As the fetus increases in size, pressure in the abdomen compounds, decreasing the angle of the gastroesophageal jun ction. This allows for oesophageal regurgitation, less time for the acquit to empty and reverse peristalsis (Blackburn 2007 Stables & Rankin 2010).The main symptoms of heartburn are a burning sensation in the chest or back of the throat. Other symptoms may include eructation, difficulty in swallowing, and an acid or metal taste in the mouth. In terms of advice, there are some standard measures that can alleviate symptoms. These include examining the womans diet and eliminating foods that might aggravate, eating smaller portions and more frequently, quiescency in upright positions and avoidance of eating closer to bedtime (Law et al. 2010 Vazquez 2010).Constipation is known to affect more that 40% of women during their pregnancy (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007). In looking at the physiological reason for constipation, change magnitude levels of progesterone affects bowel motility and reduces the peristaltic grounds of the gastrointestinal tract. This is turn then increases the time food is passed through the gut causing increases in electrolyte and later(prenominal) absorption of water in the large intestine. Motilin a hormone that assists faeces to pass through the colon is also decreased by the levels of progesterone (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007).Constipation could also be the result of hyperemesis gravidarum (pernicious vomiting in pregnancy), or ingestion of prescribed iron tablets for anaemia (Tiran 2003). A diet rich in fibre and increasing fluid intake can help to ease some of the associated problems with constipation. Laxatives should only be used when dietary changes do non assist. In addition women should be advised that ignoring signs for defecation will compound symptoms (Jewell & childly 1996 Vazquez 2010). The levels of fibre and fluid consumed should be noned by healthcare professionals when attending to women (Derbyshire, Davies & Detmar 2007).Haemorrhoids occurs in pregnancy in 25 35% of women and in some populations it can re ach 85% (Staroselsky et al. 2008). Haemorrhoids occur due to progesterone causing vasodilation in the ano-rectal area. In some cases there is a direct relationship amidst constipation and the formation of haemorrhoids. Main symptoms are itching, burning, swelling around the anus and bleeding. Pain with bowel movements and bleeding are much the first signs of haemorrhoids. As there is a close relationship between constipation and haemorrhoids, the advice given to women with regards to interposition would be similar to constipation.In (Staroselsky et al. 2008) it is stated that local treatments and the use of laxatives can reduce symptoms. The integumentary system is no different to any of the other systems affected by physiological changes in pregnancy. There are a number of skin irritations that can cause discomfort to a woman during her pregnancy, besides these do non harm the fetus. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is increased by progesterone and oestrogen levels. Chloasma or pregnancy drape is one of the conditions to arise from hormone increases (Stables & Rankin 2010).Hyperpigmentation is the most common skin alteration in pregnancy. About 90% of women will develop linea nigra which is found running from the xiphoid process to the pubis. A common dermatoses found in pregnancy is a condition called PUPP (pruritic urticarial papules and plaques) The development of PUPP in pregnancy is 1 in 160 (Sachdeva 2008). This ordinarily occurs in the primagravida in the third trimester and in rare cases in the first and second. In (Brzoza et al. 2007 Roth 2009) the reasons for PUPP is unclear but suggestions are made that maternal weight gain in primiparous women is the cause.Interestingly statistics show that 2. 9% of tally pregnancies and 14% of triplet pregnancies develop PUPP. It is thought, that abdominal distension, hormonal, autoimmune and change in partners (implication of paternal antigens) could attribute to the condition. Conditions such as Pemphi goid gestationis (PG), Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), and Atopic eruption of pregnancy ( AEP) require the monitoring from dermatologists, obstetricians, midwives and other relevant healthcare practitioners as they do pose high risks to mother and baby (Brzoza et al. 007 Sachdeva 2008). With PUPP the main symptoms women complain of is an intense itching usually around the abdomen and in some cases breasts, upper thighs and arms. In the case of PUPPs, the application of topical steroids, emollient creams and ointments may be applied and in severe cases oral treatments may be seek (Roth 2009). Epistaxis (nosebleeds) is considered a minor disorder but in one depicted object has proven to be life threatening. Oestrogen rises, which causes hyperactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system which in turn causes nasal congestion.One of the other reasons is general blood pressure increases in pregnancy. Complications from nosebleeds is rare, but if not monitored could lead to haemorrhage (Hardy, Connolly & Weir 2008). In this study a woman presented at 26 weeks with epistaxis but 48 hours later continued to bleed and mental process was the outcome. There is also evidence that chronic rhinosinusitis can lead to epistaxis. One study 44% of women between the ages of 26-30 and presenting in the third trimester appeared to have the highest incidence of epistaxis.It must be noted that though this study was conducted in a third world country where nourishment, hygiene and education are an issue, there are say-so risks of epistaxis in pregnancy. (Purushothaman 2010) Maternal morbidity in pregnancy is very well researched and evidence based, but the impacts that minor disorders have on a womans family or her emotional state is not well documented. However, there is one such Australian study stating the impact on women. In (Gartland et al. 2010) it showed that 68% experienced multiple disorders which had a cumulative effect and therefore greater impact.What i s interesting in the study was that women aged between 18-24, had a poor perception of health, socio-economic and education issues. In comparison to those older women who had enduring relationships, well educated and better perception of health. The study demonstrated that a womans bread and butter network, access to professional advice and education can greatly impact her wellbeing and those around her. This assignment has explained the physiology and reasons for minor disorders in pregnancy. It is important that midwives and relevant healthcare professionals monitor women so as to prevent further complications to mother and child.The health and wellbeing of a mother and her unborn child is always the utmost priority of healthcare professionals. . References Blackburn, S. T. 2007, Maternal, fetal & neonatal physiology a clinical perspective, 3rd edn, Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Mo. Brzoza, Z. , Kasperska-Zajac, A. , Oles, E. & Rogala, B. 2007, Pruritic urticarial papules and p laques of pregnancy, Journal of Midwifery & Womens Health, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 44-8. Derbyshire, E. J. , Davies, J. Detmar, P. 2007, Changes in catgut Function Pregnancy and the Puerperium, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 324. Gartland, D. , Brown, S. , Donath, S. Perlen, S. 2010, Womens health in early pregnancy Findings from an Australian nulliparous cohort study, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 413-8. Hardy, J. J. , Connolly, C. M. Weir, C. J. 2008, Epistaxis in pregnancy not to be sniffed at , International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 94-5. Jewell, D. Young, G. 1996, Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy, John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Law, R. , Maltepe, C. , Bozzo, P. Einarson, A. 2010, preaching of heartburn and acid reflux associated with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, Can Fam Physician, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 143-4. Purushothaman, L. P. a. P. K. 2010, Analysis o f Epistaxis in Pregnancy, European Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 387-96. Roth, M. -M. 2009, Specific Pregnancy Dermatoses, Dermatology Nursing, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 70-81. Sachdeva, S. 2008, The dermatoses of pregnancy. (Review Article), Indian Journal of Dermatology, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 103. Stables, D. Rankin, J. 2010, Physiology in childbearing with anatomy and related biosciences, 3rd edn, Bailliere Tindall, Edinburgh. Staroselsky, A. , Nava-Ocampo, A. A. , Vohra, S. Koren, G. 2008, Hemorrhoids in pregnancy, Can Fam Physician, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 189-90. Tiran, D. 2003, Product focus. ego help for constipation and haemorrhoids in pregnancy, British Journal of Midwifery, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 579-81. Vazquez, J. C. 2010, Constipation, haemorrhoids, and heartburn in pregnancy, Clinical Evidence.