Universalist Theory Of Universalism - 1237 Words

Universalist theories (moral universalism) are meta-ethical positions that claim that there is a universal ethic that applies to all people regardless of their nationality, religion, sex, race, culture, sexuality, and other distinguishing features (Greenwood and Harris, 2011). Universal ethics refer to a moral system that applies to the entire humanity, transcending personal whims, and culture in the process. The justification for this rises from human nature, which is a shared vulnerability of suffering and demands universal reasoning. It also involves religion mandates and existing moral codes. It contrasts moral relativism, which claims that moral truths are relative to personal, historical, cultural, and social circumstances. There are†¦show more content†¦In the theory of practical rationality, it is the superior part. According to Greenwood and Harris (2011), Thomas Hobbes is also a natural Law theorist. He held that nature has a divine law that binds all human beings like Aquinas. A question that mostly arises in consideration of this ethic is whether there is a difference between divine command ethics and natural law ethics, being that theorists of the latter hold that God is the one that gives them. Nonetheless, some principles make them different. Natural law holds that God gives them, but they are also a result of human reason. They are also naturally authoritative, knowable, and provide the right to the action. Some theorists deny the first premise of the natural law but accept the rest. Among them are Mark Murphy, Alasdair MacIntyre, John Finnis, Philippa Foot, and Michael Moore (Finnis, 2011). They do not believe in the divinity of the law. They argue on the Naturalistic doctrine, which claims that there is a natural order of the world, which human beings should follow. Unlike Aquinas, they believe a person’s search for happiness and their human nature are responsible for rationality and morality, and not duty or external rules. Th ey argue that the laws of conformity and the fact that fundamental good is self-preservation support natural laws, which are morally correct. Indeed, it is a credible argument and worth consideration. Consistency with it is right, while the absence thereof is wrong. The bestShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of Universal Reconciliation1651 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the doctrine of universal reconciliation has indeed been a minority position throughout most of Christian history–albeit not quite two-thousand years!–all one has to do is turn to Augustine, a clear non-Universalist, to see how it was once upon a time a rather popular doctrine. He, in the fifth century, rather dismissively writes: It is quite in vain, then, that some–indeed very many–yield to merely human feelings and deplore the notion of the eternal punishment of the damned and their interminableRead MoreDichotomy Of Universalism And Relativism841 Words   |  4 Pages The Dichotomy of Universalism and Relativism â€Å"A global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and practices.† According to Global Citizens Initiative, a nonprofit global social enterprise, this is what it means to be a global citizen. It is necessary to understand the defining factors of a global citizen in order to understand Johansson Dahre’s quarrelsRead MoreTheories, Universalism, And Rawls Distributive Justice Theory1936 Words   |  8 Pagesfollowing section of this study will dissect the two opposing tax systems and analyze them through the lenses of two major ethical theories, Universalism, and Rawls’ Distributive Justice Theory. Both theories will discuss the three ethical questions presented in the beginning of this paper and present which theory most closely aligns to the principles of each theory. Universalism seeks to create a system in which all participants would be willing to see everyone else follow. Furthermore, it seeks to neverRead MoreA Relativist Is More Tolerant?1314 Words   |  6 PagesA Relativist is more tolerant because he or she does not impinge upon people an absolute standard of right and wrong by which to compare and contrast morally contradictory cultural values. A Universalist proposes values that are based on his or her own set of values. This can promote intolerance because it provides a basis to make moral judgments between cultures. This is also an example of ethnocentrism, or judging another culture by the values of one’s own culture. Essentially, moral rightnessRead MoreArticle Critique : Considering Interest Convergence Dilemma980 Words   |  4 Pagesbarriers that impact social mobility for URMs with a talent for STEM fields. In support of this claim, Baber’s study employed interest-convergence theory to examine diversity programs at 10 top producing STEM degree institutions nationwide. This paper will review Baber’s study and critique the problem of STEM diversity programs, the interest-convergence theory framework used to examine the problem, the assumptions, data source and method. The overall findings along with article’s strengths and weaknessesRead MoreDoes Language Affect The Way People Think Or Is It The Other Way Around?1458 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage and Linguistics by Rene Dirven, provides two theories: linguistic relativity and universalism. Researchers who believe linguistic relativity claim that language affects the ways in which its respective speakers conceptualize their world. Benjamin Lee Whorf, representative researcher for linguistic relativity, argues that language determines thought, and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories. Universalism, which is a contrasting concept to the linguistic relativityRead MoreThe Unitarian Universalist Meeting House2181 Words   |  9 PagesOn October 12th 2014 I ventured into the Unitarian Universalist meeting house, which is located at 501 South High Street in West Chester, PA. I was greeted at the door by openly gay Reverend Bill Zelazny, who was wearing a tallis-like prayer shawl which was a colorful tapestry with no discernable symbols on it. His head was uncovered. Reverend Bill was very welcoming and agreed to meet with me after the service, which I was invited to stay for. I had never been to a religious service in a denominationRead More Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy Essay2784 Words   |  12 Pagesorder and, more specifically, in the creation of the welfare state after the Second World War. Accordingly, liberalism defines a reformist political program: it is an emancipatory political project by virtue of its struggle for an egalitarian and universalist extension of citizenship rights. This is but a formulation of the modern idea of citizenship, conceived of as a u niversalizable contract of rights. At the same time, liberalism embraces a socioeconomic emancipatory project that endeavors to provideRead MoreTruth Is Culturally Relative1639 Words   |  7 Pagesdefine the concept of Being, a wide notion that embraces objective and subjective features of reality. Throughout the philosophy of truth, objectivism and subjectivism lead to the development of the two major approaches to reality, Relativism and Universalism. One of the first interpretation of truth and knowledge was given by the sophists, and it finds its primary source in Protagoras fragment of all things the measure is man, of things that are, that they are, and of things that are not, thatRead MoreQuestions On Religion And Religion Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesCatholicism. Universalism states that everyone will be saved and no one will be damned, which is considered heresy by most major Christian denominations and the reason the Universalist church was disowned by Christianity. While Exclusivism, Inclusivism, and Universalism are all positions on salvation, Pluralism is not. Additionally, people can be different degrees of Exclusivism or Inclusivism depending on what religious institutions they think are valid but there is only one degree of Universalism; you

Descartes Who Are You - 1051 Words

The Brains SOCRATES: Where am I? Am I finally in heavenly realm? DESCARTES: Who are you? And where are we? SOCRATES: I am Socrates. The last thing I remember is taking hemlock and dying. DESCARTES: Are you for real? I must be dreaming†¦ On a shelf in the lab, lies two vats of formaldehyde, one containing the brain of Socrates, and the other containing the brain of Rene Descartes. The two brains are wired up to each other so that they can communicate with each other about their current situation. As for Socrates, he would wonder if he is finally in heavenly realm, sometimes called â€Å"Platonic Heaven† and I believe that he would be happy about his current situation, not having any senses, or bodily cravings and needs. Because separating†¦show more content†¦At the same time, I do understand that the brain is still the ‘physical’ part of the body, which makes Socrates not happy, but I still believe that he would at least not be upset, because even though the brain is part of the impure ‘body’, it does not have any senses or needs to distract Socrates from focusing on The Forms. And I am assuming that the brain must be dead, it cannot survive by itself without the other organs, which makes more sense that Socrates would be happy because he believed that the death is nothing but the separation of the body and the soul. As for Descartes, I think that he would not be happy because he cannot sense anything. He claimed that he is a ‘thinking thing’. He said, â€Å"A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and that also imagines and senses (Descartes, 20).† From here, we can see that he did not reject the role of the senses and that his senses are part of who he is. And I also think he would not be happy because even though Descartes would agree with Socrates that the body and the soul are two separate substances and that the body is easily deceived by the sense perceptions, and that pure knowledge is an attainable goal, but he didn’t necessarily claimed that it would be only after death, which Socrates did. Descartes believed that it is possible to erase all previously held beliefs and knowledge and let go of the influence of the body causing on our minds. And by doing this, we can pursue the realShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Descartes’ First Meditation Essay example1448 Words   |  6 Pages13th, 2012 An Analysis of Descartes’ First Meditation In Descartes’ First Meditation, Descartes’ overall intention is to present the idea that our perceptions and sensations are flawed and should not be trusted entirely. His purpose is to create the greatest possible doubt of our senses. To convey this thought, Descartes has three main arguments in the First Meditation: The dream argument, the deceiving God argument, and the evil demon â€Å"or evil genius†. Descartes’ dream argument argues thatRead MoreDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three This paper is intended to explain and evaluate Descartes proof for the existence of god in Meditation Three. It shall show the weaknesses in the proof, but also give credit to the strengths in his proof. It will give a background of what Descartes has already accepted as what he truly knows. The paper will also state Descartes two major points for the existence of God and why the points can easily be proven false. The paper willRead MoreDescartes Second Meditation732 Words   |  3 PagesDescartes Second Meditation In Descartes’ Second Meditation the key philosophical idea of â€Å"I think, therefore I am† is introduced and thus begins a new age in western philosophy. Some of the arguments Descartes provide in order to support his claims are that in order to doubt anything, you must be able to think and if you think, you exist. Descartes brings up the point that there may be no physical world, along with that thought comes the doubt of anything else being real, which againRead MoreDescartes Cosmological And Ontological Arguments Are Well1455 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Cosmological and Ontological arguments are well organized and are perceived as valid. However, these arguments may be found valid only if we follow the rules of Descartes premises through deductive reasoning. The soundness of Descartes Ontological and Cosmological arguments are questioned in this paper as I argue against Descartes axioms. Descartes bases his proofs of God on specific propositions and his own claims of knowledge. The lack of proof behind his premises is why I cannot exceptRead MoreDescartes Meditation Iii1297 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Descartes tries to prove the existence of God in the third meditation. He does this by coming up with several premises that eventually add up to a solid argument. First, I will explain why Descartes ask the question, does god exist? And why does Descartes think he needs such and argument at this point in the text. Secondly, I will explain, in detail, the arguments that Descartes makes and how he comes to the conclusion that God does exist. Next, I will debate some of Descartes premisesRead MoreJohn Locke And Rene Descartes Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesWho are you? What defines who you are? Why makes you who you are? What is your personal identity? Have you ever sat around pondering the meaning of life, or maybe just your life? Have you asked yourself any of these questions? What were your answers? These are questions that people have been trying to answer since the beginning of time, before me and you were ever born or thought of. People live their whole lives trying to figure out exactly who they are and what their purpose is in life. In theRead MoreEssay on Mediations of First Philosophy by Descartes1296 Words   |  6 PagesMediations of First Philosophy by Descartes In the â€Å"Mediations of First Philosophy† Descartes tries to prove the existence of God in the third meditation. He does this by coming up with several premises that eventually add up to a solid argument. First, I will explain why Descartes ask the question, does god exist? And why does Descartes think he needs such and argument at this point in the text. Secondly, I will explain, in detail, the arguments that Descartes makes and how he comes to the conclusionRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1712 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) contains six Meditations. In the first two of these Descartes addresses doubt and certainty. By the end of the second Meditation Descartes establishes the possibility of certainty by concluding that he is a â€Å"thinking thing† and that this is beyond doubt. Having established the possibility of certainty, Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God. The argument he present s in the Third Meditation for the existence of God has been nicknamed theRead MoreInnate Ideas Essay653 Words   |  3 Pagesin philosophy. Sometimes, these philosophers agree on ideas or sometimes they make their own assumptions. There are two philosophers who had different ideas concerning where innate ideas come from and how we get these types of ideas. Rene Descartes and John Locke were these two philosophers with the opposing argument on innate ideas. The place where Descartes discusses his views were in the Meditations on First Philosophy and Lockes argument is located in An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingRead MoreDescartes Doubt And Crime1317 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Re-visited Doubt and Crime Kirsten Besheer, in â€Å"Descartes’ Doubts: Physiology and the First Meditation,† makes the caution that â€Å"many commentators dismiss the First Meditation with a scant summary usually involving key words like ‘dreams’ and ‘doubt.’ This being the case, I am not surprised that the rest of the Meditations have remained opaque to them†(55). What Besheer is warning against, specifically, is an uncritical examination of Descartes. For, as the years continue to distant the

Gender and Educational Achievement Free Essays

Gender and Educational Achievement a) Explain what is meant by â€Å"peer-group status†. (2 Marks) Peer-group status is being seen as â€Å"big† or important in the eyes of friends and other people around you. b) Suggest three ways in which teaching might be altered to favour boys. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender and Educational Achievement or any similar topic only for you Order Now (6 Marks) Three ways in which teaching can be altered to favour boys are:- * Include practical work to make sure they understand the work. offering extra credit or chances unequally between males and females, favouring the males * School Topics that the school teaches such as Maths, Design Technology, Physical Education and many more are more male based subjects. c) Outline some of the factors outside the education system that have affected gender differences in school. (12 Marks) There are many factors outside the school education system that have affected gender differences in school. Firstly it can be said that parents expect more from their children to be hardworking, have responsible over their actions and behaviour towards others, to be tidy and neat. This is known as Parental Aspiration. Compared to girls, boys are more Laddish behaved which leads them to disrespect teachers in schools. Furthermore peer pressure can also affect gender difference in school; this is suggested in some case where boys impress their friends by acting like a â€Å"Cool† person, in the end not paying attention in class or to their studies. Whereas most girls are more likely to achieve better in their studies, this is more likely they stay away bad influenced people. According to Francis (2000) â€Å"boys no longer likely to consider themselves more able than girls†, this is considered to the subject choices that boys undertake, which do not require academic success, however girls think more realistic which do require academic success such as becoming an Engineer or a teacher, this makes them seem to work harder in school’s to go to University and to pursue the profession job. Additionally other external factors that may affect gender difference in school are crises in masculinity where women and males have equal rights to work and more women get into the well-paid jobs. d) Using information from Items A and B and elsewhere, assess sociological explanations of why girls achieve better results than boys. (20 Marks) Throughout the past years girls are improving and getting better results than boys. Reasons behind these achievements that explain are â€Å"Soft and hard subjects†, parental aspiration, girls aim higher and many more reason. These examples give some idea of why the girls perform better than boys. In this essay I am going to compare on why girls achieve better results than boys. For the past many years studies have been conducted to find out the girls achievements are better than boys, also in the recent studies have been concluded as girls and young women’s attitudes towards education, marriage and work have been changed over the years. Sue Sharpe who is a sociologist conducted a study on working-class girls in London and their attitudes towards education. Sue Sharpe compared the attitudes of working-class girls in London schools in the early 1970’s and 1990’s. She found that the 1990’s girls were more confident, more assertive, more ambitious and more committed to gender equality. Sharpe found that the main priorities of the 1970’s girls were ‘love, marriage, husbands and children’. By 1990’s this had changed to ‘job, career and being able to support them with education being the main route to a good job. In 1994, Sue Sharpe found that girls were increasingly wary of marriage. They had seen adult relationships break up around them, and had seen women coping alone, in a ‘man’s world’. Girls were more concerned with standing on their own two feet and were more likely to see education as a means to financial independence. Furthermore both male and female parents expect more from them in their studies; however boys now tend drift more into large peer groups and involve into gang violence, this makes the boys seem as poorly behaved in school and underachieve in their studies. On the other hand girls are more organised and meet their deadline for their given coursework. Additionally a recognition that girls were put off by what were traditionally seen as â€Å"boys subjects† or also known as hard subject such as maths, technology, physics and chemistry. This led to the introduction of equal opportunity initiatives such as Girls into Science and Technology. But Girls tend to take soft subject for A- level such as Biology, Sociology, textiles and many more, this is because they more easy subject to do. A recent report was on the new which was regarding less than 50% girls are undertaking the subject physics, which is known as a â€Å"manly subject† for A-level. In addition early research on peer-group status states that the development of antischool subculture that tended to be developed by some working-class boys, particularly those placed in lower streams, bands and sets. Studies by Hargreaves (1967) and Willis (1977), for example, showed how such boys were either fatalistic in accepting school failure as inevitable and so developed anti-educational coping strategies, or sought to compensate for status frustration by gaining credibility in the eyes of their peers. To conclude girls in school achieve higher than boys in school, this is because to some of the factors in school and out of school which may affect many boys with their studies and their behaviour. Overall girls seem to be more able to concentrate in class whereas boys are more practical type and choose hard subjects such as physics, maths, Physical Education and many more. How to cite Gender and Educational Achievement, Papers

How does Steinbeck make use of the natural setting in of mice and men free essay sample

The Brush by the Salinas River is one of the most important locations in the entire novel. Steinbeck creates a beautiful and natural setting by his use of figurative language. â€Å"Willows fresh and green with every spring† and â€Å"leaves lie deep and so crisp† create an image in the mind of the reader that evokes a calm and peaceful mood. Steinbeck then uses the setting to introduce the two main protagonists. The arrival of the protagonists interrupts the harmony of the river bank, but before any sign of them is visible or within earshot, the birds fly away, the rabbits scatter, and all the other animals flee the area. This lets us know that something or someone is coming. Steinbeck introduces to the two main protagonists. They are the described identically but it is not until Steinbeck describes their different features that we learn their differences .We don’t know their names until the dialogue starts. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Steinbeck make use of the natural setting in of mice and men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through their dialogue we learn that the larger man is Lennie and the smaller man is George. Both physically and character wise, George and Lennie are completely different, almost exact opposites. Lennie is not very bright, and acts like a big baby. He likes to pet soft things, he throws tantrums once in a while, and when he senses his advantage in an argument he takes that opportunity and is whiny, immature, and unrealistic about the situation. If you don want me I can go off in the hills an find a cave. I can go away any time.† George, on the other hand, is very mature, and although he gets angry and frustrated with Lennie sometimes, he always ends up feeling sorry that he was mean, and apologizes sadly. I been mean, aint I? George and Lennie are very close friends, they travel together, they stick together, and they look after each other. George and Lennie have a dream, one that theyve had for apparently quite some time. George and Lennie want to own and live in a little house of their own, with animals and vegetables and fires for the winter. They want to have their dream house, a place where they can live on their own, without worrying about anyone or anything. Steinbeck creates a setting of this dream which is used as motivation for George and Lennie but more specifically for George to keep Lennie safe. The dream links with the American Dream, what they aspire is only a microcosm of the American Dream. The whole setting of the dream is so minimal that is really nothing like the American Dream.